Bulletin of Lviv National Environmental University. Series Architecture and Construction

STUDYING THE RIGIDITY OF THE COUPLING NODES OF COVERING PLATES AND PARAPET PANELS OF A LARGE-PANEL 55-APARTMENT RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN UZHHOROD

Y. Luchko — 2023-12-16

This work presents results of the survey and research, as well provides recommendations for ensuring the rigidity of the coupling nodes of the covering plates of a large-panel 55-apartment residential building in the city of Uzhhorod, blocks 4, 5, 6, commissioned by “Zakarpatzalizoboton” Production Association. The research topic is formulated and its relevance is noted. An analysis of the latest studies and publications on the issues of strengthening the reinforced concrete structures during construction and long-term operation is presented. The article provides general information about the construction of the residential building, including its constructive solution. The authors noted the reasons that have forced the need for examination and strengthening of nodes, covering and parapet panels. In particular, the article presents the survey data showing a number of errors and shortcomings of the construction of the building, such as the displacement of embedded parts on the parapet panels that do not correspond to the location on the covering slabs. Additionally, the article points out that the embedded parts on the upper surface of the shortened end are not provided on the covering plates of the project of series 135, section 10-11-1-23 "roof elements". During installation, these plates should be installed with the shortened end on the trays and welded to the lower embedded parts. The article describes some other shortcomings resulting from the violation of construction technology and exceeding tolerances and deviations from the requirements enshrined in regulatory documents that weakened the load-bearing capacity (stiffness) of the coating and the stability of the building. These errors and shortcomings can significantly affect the general strength of the structure, which is designed for seismic loads in the area of 7 points. Based on the survey data, proposals and recommendations were developed to strengthen the junctions of the covering slabs and parapet panels and to eliminate the identified deficiencies. The research proves the expediency of surveys to restore the load-bearing capacity of the building as a whole and notes the scientific novelty and practical significance of the study. Based on the analysis of research data, general conclusions are formulated.

RESULTS OF TECHNICAL INSPECTION OF THE MAIN MEDICAL BUILDING (A-2 BUILDING) AND THE GARAGE (B BUILDING) IN THE CITY OF LVIV

S. Burchenia — 2023-12-16

To ensure the reliability of a real estate object, it is essential to conduct a thorough technical inspection. Building inspection involves assessing the structural system, engineering systems, and surrounding environment to detect potential flaws, prevent structural failure, and ensure necessary repairs are completed. This significantly extends the life of the object.

The article presents the results of the inspection of the main structural building elements. The foundations have a physical depreciation of 21–40 %, but their technical condition is satisfactory (technical condition category «2»). The paving's technical condition is non-serviceable for proper exploitation (technical condition category «3»). The walls and partitions have a physical depreciation of 31–40 %, but their technical condition is satisfactory (technical condition category «2»). The floors have a physical depreciation of 41–60 %, and their condition is non-serviceable for proper exploitation (technical condition category «3»). The same applies to the floors with physical depreciation of 61–80 %. The engineering networks have a physical depreciation of 61–80 %, and their technical condition is non-serviceable for proper exploitation (technical condition category «3»).

Based on the inspection and analysis of the technical conditions of the main medical building (A-2 building), garage (B building), it is established that their general technical conditions classify as technical state «3» (non-serviceable for proper exploitation).

RESEARCH OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF HOLLOW CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS OF ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS OF SPECIAL PURPOSE UNDER THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE LOAD

B. Hlova — 2023-12-16

In recent years, the development of monolithic-frame construction has led to the need for a new approach to computing the elements of building structures. Concrete columns are among the most crucial components of these buildings and their failure can lead to significant durability. The loss of a column's strength characteristics can occur due to the loads caused by the effect of a temperature field. As a result, research related to the impact of temperature on the supporting elements of engineering constructions is vital.

This study investigates the non-stationary temperature field in a cylindrical concrete column with a central hole that changes over time under high temperatures. When modeling the heating process of a column, the third-kind boundary conditions are taken into account. By using Laplace transform, the authors obtained analytical expressions to study the temperature field. They also determined the stress-strain state of the column with a central hole caused by a non-stationary temperature field, where various values of the heat transfer coefficient between the column and the environment were taken into account. The research findings are presented graphically.

One of the significant causes of increased danger for such structures is the uneven heating and changes in the characteristics of strength and deformability of concrete during and after the fire. It is essential to solve the problems related to ensuring the long and reliable operation of building structures, including under the influence of high temperatures, by adopting appropriate materials or protective coatings. Thus, mathematical modeling of the processes of temperature fields in the stress-strain state of cylindrical structures can significantly increase the accuracy of calculations, contributing to the strength and reliability of engineering structures. The study also obtained graphic dependences of the radial, ring, and axial stresses from the radius, which are caused by the action of temperature fields of different intensities on the rod elements. It is established that the temperature stresses in the column with a central hole are smaller compared to the solid column.

THE BASIC LENGTH OF ANCHORAGE OF BAR REINFORCEMENT OF CLASS A500C IN STEEL-FIBER CONCRETE BEAMS

V. Bilozir — 2023-12-16

In combined reinforced steel-fiber concrete beams and slabs, which contain rod reinforcement and fiber, it is possible to reinforce the elements with rods only in the middle of the spans, or to wind a part of the rods behind the inner faces of the supports and break off a part of the rods at some distance from the supports. Therefore, the issue of winding the rods that are not brought to the supports, beyond the calculated cross-section to the required length, is important. This can ensure the bearing capacity of both normal and inclined sections of combined reinforced steel fiber concrete bent elements.

The criterion for the loss of the rod adhesion to steel-reinforced concrete is the displacement of its unloaded end by 0.1 mm. The pulling forces for such a shift are not maximum, but since the long-term action of the load can cause destructive processes in the area of contact of the rod with concrete, that is why the above criterion is assigned.

The task of these studies is to develop proposals for determining the basic anchoring length of rods in the stretched zone of beam steel fiber concrete elements made of concrete of classes C20/25, C25/30, C30/35, reinforced with fiber of type НЕ1050 with coefficients of fiber reinforcement by volume = 0.007; 0.0125; 0.018.

Using the regression equation used to determine the stresses at the loaded ends of the rods, obtained in our previous studies, the values of the basic length of their anchoring in steel fiber concrete are established, provided that these stresses should not be less than the calculated value of the reinforcement tensile strength.

It is shown that the basic length of anchorage, provided that depends on the strength of the matrix concrete. So, for example, for rods with a diameter of 8 mm embedded in concrete of class C30/35 with a percentage of fiber reinforcement of 0.7, is 1.58 times smaller than for concrete of class C20/25. Under the same conditions, but with a percentage of fiber reinforcement of 1.25, is 1.48 times smaller, and with a percentage of reinforcement of 1.8 – 1.36 times.

The basic anchoring length was also influenced by the coefficient of fiber reinforcement by volume. Thus, for example, under a rod diameter of 10 mm, embedded in C20/25 class concrete and a fiber reinforcement coefficient of 0.018, the basic length of anchorage is 1.42 times less than under a fiber reinforcement coefficient of 0.007.

The relative basic anchoring length does not depend on the reinforcement diameter. For a specific class of concrete and the coefficient of fiber reinforcement , it is approximately the same for each diameter. This is because the Rehm indices for the rods did not differ significantly.

MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PET FIBER CONCRETE UNDER SHORT-TERM COMPRESSION

V. Bilozir — 2023-12-16

The study aimed to investigate the effect of the volume percentage of PET fiber reinforcement on the strength and deformability of fine-grained concrete under short-term compression. The research adopted a complete two-factor experiment resulting in a regression equation for calculating the compressive strength of PET fiber concrete.

The research used fine-grained concrete of classes C20/25 and C30/35 as the matrix concrete, which is commonly used in structures without prestressing the rods. The research used fiber with dimensions of 40 × 3 × 0.2 mm as a dispersive reinforcement, and the coefficients of PET fiber reinforcement were taken as fv = 0.01 and fv = 0.03. The strength and deformability of PET fiber concrete under short-term compression were tested by testing 100 × 100 × 400 mm prisms.

To obtain concrete class C20/25, based on 1 m³, the following composition was adopted: cement PrJSC «Ivano-Frankivskcement» brand M400 with an activity of 42.3 MPa – 444.5 kg; sand with a grain size module of 2.1 from the Yasinetsky quarry – 1644.4 kg; water – 239.2 l. To obtain concrete class C30/35 based on 1 m³, the following composition was adopted: cement PJSC «Ivano-Frankivskcement» brand M500 with an activity of 53.1 MPa – 433.2 kg; sand with a grain size module of 2.1 from the Yasinetsky quarry – 1724.3 kg; water – 215.6 l.

The study found that increasing the percentage of fiber reinforcement leads to an increase in the strength of PET fiber concrete, the initial modulus of elasticity of PET fiber concrete, and a reduction in relative deformations at a specific stress intensity. The study proposed a mathematical model for determining the strength of PET fiber concrete based on a planned experiment. The author specified the formula for calculating the strength of PET fiber concrete, which was previously used to calculate the compressive strength of steel fiber concrete. The study also indicated the expediency of using the norm formula for designing reinforced concrete structures to describe the «stress – relative deformations» diagram of PET fiber concrete under short-term compression.

MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEEL FIBER CONCRETE REINFORCED WITH FIBER OF NE1050 TYPE UNDER SHORT-TERM COMPRESSION

I. Bidenko — 2023-12-16

The article studies the influence of the coefficient of fiber reinforcement by volume ρ_fv when using steel fiber of the NE1050 type with bent ends of Ukrainian production on the strength and deformability of dispersed-reinforced concrete under short-term compression, and makes proposals for calculating the strength and analytical description of the corresponding deformation diagram.

According to the research program, the strength of fine-grained concrete is assumed to be of C20/25 and C30/35 classes, which are most often used in the structures without prestressing the core reinforcement; the percentages of fiber reinforcement by volume are 0 %, 0.7 %, 1.25 %; 1.8 %, since at lower percentages of fiber reinforcement, its effect may not be observed, and at higher percentages, the structures cease to be competitive. The strength and deformation characteristics of steel fiber concrete were studied on compressed prism specimens of 100 × 100 × 400 mm.

To produce prisms of C20/25 class concrete, the following composition was adopted: M400 cement with an activity of 41.2 MPa – 445 kg, sand with a modulus of 2.1 – 1645 kg, and water – 240 liters. To obtain C30/35 class concrete, the following composition was adopted, particularly M500 cement with an activity of 52.3 MPa – 431 kg, sand with a particle size modulus of 2.1 – 1724 kg, and water – 216 liters. The fiber consumption per 1 m3 was 54.95, 98.13, and 141.3 kg at the percentages of reinforcement of 0.7, 1.25, and 1.8, respectively.

It is shown that an increase in the coefficient of fiber reinforcement by volume contributes to an increase in the strength of steel fiber concrete, relative deformations corresponding to the peak point of the deformation diagram, the initial modulus of elasticity of steel fiber concrete, and a decrease in relative deformations at a specific stress level. The research confirms the expediency of using a modified formula of norms in the form of a fifth-degree polynomial to describe the deformation diagram of steel fiber concrete under short-term compression and determines the coefficients of this polynomial.

STUDY OF THE DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE MATRIX OF MODIFIED TEXTILE-REINFORCED CONCRETE

O. Shyshkina — 2023-12-16

The article presents advantages of using textile materials for concrete reinforcement. The prospects of using textile-reinforced concrete to create structures of low weight and thickness are considered. It is shown that one of the main disadvantages of textile-reinforced concrete is in the significant difference between the elongation of the concrete matrix and the textile reinforcement, which does not allow to fully realize the strength and deformation properties of textile-reinforcing fibers. Therefore, improving the deformation properties of the concrete matrix of textile-reinforced concrete is an urgent task. The known methods of improving the deformation properties of the concrete matrix of textile-reinforced concrete are analyzed. The results of experimental studies of the deformation properties of the modified matrix of textile-reinforced concrete are presented. The modification was accomplished by using kneading water structured with organic matter applied in ultra-small concentrations. The specimens were made using Portland cement, mineral powder, fine aggregate, and structured kneading water. For the main quality indicator of the concrete matrix, the maximum deformation indicator was adopted. During the experiments, it was determined that the maximum deformations of modified concrete exceed the maximum deformations of conventional fine-grained concrete by 30% at optimal hydrocarbon content. It was found that the relative deformation of the modified concrete matrix decreases in length of time. This phenomenon can be successfully realized by using such concrete for the repair of reinforced concrete structures or the manufacture of monolithic structures. The article also presents results of the study of the mineral powder content impact on concrete deformation at optimal content of modifier. Iron ore enrichment wastes were used as mineral powder in the experiments. It has been found that under the conditions of the experiment, the mineral powder contributed to a significant reduction in the deformations of the resulting concrete under load.

TENSION IN COMPOSITES DURING HEATING

T. Bubniak — 2023-12-16

Spatial problems in the theory of elasticity often arise when solving various technical and technological problems in modern production. This is especially true when building composite materials and structural elements.

The behaviour of structural materials can be studied at three structural levels: macro-, micro-, and atomic level. In construction mechanics, the concept of continuous medium only has meaning at the micro level. The analysis of macrostresses significantly depends on the size of the structure itself, and consideration of the effect of material heterogeneity at this level.

When creating composite materials, the inclusions that appear in the matrix significantly affect the stress-strain state of the composite as a whole under various mechanical or thermal loads. The stress components can reach extreme values at the interface of phases in some cases due to the production technology, and in others, heterogeneity is introduced to improve the strength of the material.

The study of spatial problems of the static theory of elasticity and thermoelasticity for homogeneous isotropic and anisotropic bodies in the general formulation is associated with great mathematical difficulties due to the complexity of constructing a solution of a system of partial differential equations that satisfies the boundary conditions.

One effective method of solving problems of elasticity theory is the Fourier method. This method is based on the representation of general solutions of equilibrium equations through potential functions. The Fourier method uses different representations of the solution of the Lamé equations through harmonic functions, which allows the search for a solution in the form of series.

The paper discusses the problem of the distribution of thermal stresses in an unbounded transversely isotropic medium, which contains anisotropic inclusions in the form of a compressed spheroid with uniform heating, relative to mechanical and thermal properties.

The conducted studies show that with uniform heating of the medium, the stresses on the inclusion surface are local both along the X-axis and along the Z-axis. The tension concentration decreases rapidly when departing from the inclusion surface and approaches to zero value.

METHODICAL PRINCIPLES OF CREATING A GEOINFORMATION DATABASE FOR TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES

R. Stupen — 2023-12-16

It is established that creation of a geoinformation database for territorial communities will provide visualization, operational access, administration and updating of urban planning documentation, which includes general plans and detailed plans of territories, topographic plans, orthophoto plans, as well as a comprehensive plan for spatial development of the community area. It has been studied that the basic geospatial data are the publicly available geospatial data that create a unified digital coordinate-spatial basis for production, integration and implementation of other activities with various geospatial data. The research describes the structure of a geoinformation database for creating the urban planning documentation, including a set of layers for the class of spatial objects, i.e. "planning_elements" in the geoinformation system QGIS. The structure of attributes for the class of spatial objects "hromada" in the geodatabase of the set of classes of objects "planning_elements" is presented. The authors of the research presents result of creating attribute data for the class of spatial objects "hromada" in the geodatabase for creation of the urban planning documentation in the geoinformation system QGIS at the local level. A vector layer for the spatial object "hromada" was created with a set of characteristics (attributes) based on the example of Zhovtantsi territorial community in Lviv region. It is proven that the use of geoinformation system QGIS in the field of community land resource management and creation of the urban planning documentation totally ensures creating geospatial data in the USK-2000 State Geodetic Reference System of Coordinates.

MONITORING OF THE SPATIAL PARAMETERS OF RECLAIMED LAND BY MEANS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

K. Mamonov — 2023-12-16

The study is devoted to the possibilities of aerial photography to identify inconsistencies between project solutions determined by the working project of land management for reclamation of disturbed lands and the actual conditions of the elements of reclamation on the ground at certain intervals. The supplied example shows the need to monitor the processes that occur after land reclamation. Modern technological solutions are offered to solve the problem. To determine the spatial parameters of the reclamation object, it is proposed to use aerial photography by unmanned aerial vehicles. Due to the exact reference to the geodetic network in different periods, it is possible to obtain a spatial model of the same area and use the obtained models to measure soil erosion, compliance with the project of technical measures for reclamation, effectiveness of the implemented biological reclamation, volume of the soil inwashing and outwashing, steepness of the slopes. In addition, the work describes visualization of the monitoring processes by means of various functions of specialized software, namely orthophoto plans, elevation maps, change of horizontals, and area of grass vegetation by observation cycles. By using three cycles of measurements with one-year interval, the reserchers determined volume of soil erosion and its dependence on the coverage of the ground's surface with grass vegetation. These parameters help to make decisions about efficiency of the land-reclamation work in combination with other methods of assessing soil conditions, and, if necessary, to correct the project solutions, as well as gain scientifically grounded experience for implementation in the following production projects.

RESEARCH ON REAL ESTATE APPRAISAL METHODS IN UKRAINE

R. Taratula — 2023-12-16

This article is dedicated to analyzing and addressing key issues related to the evaluation of real estate assets in the modern Ukrainian real estate market. Real estate appraisal is a critically important element for both property owners and investors, as well as for the overall economy of the country. The article identifies four main aspects of the problem: the lack of appraisal standardization, limited use of modern technologies, the absence of a centralized database, and the need to adapt the appraisal system to international standards. The absence of unified national appraisal standards leads to various methodological approaches and ambiguity in determining the market value of properties. Technological constraints, which hinder the use of modern tools such as artificial intelligence and data analytics, also pose a significant problem as they limit the objectivity of appraisals. The absence of a centralized database with transaction and real estate appraisal history complicates the analysis of the market dynamics. Additionally, the article emphasizes the importance of adapting the appraisal system to international standards to attract investments and enhance competitiveness in the international market. The article also provides examples of previous research and articles related to real estate appraisal in Ukraine, highlighting the relevance of this issue and the need for its resolution. In conclusion, the article offers recommendations for further research and addressing the identified problems in the field of real estate appraisal. Furthermore, the research provides a crucial overview of contemporary issues in real estate appraisal in Ukraine and aims to increase the objectivity and reliability of the appraisal process, which plays a pivotal role in the development of the country's real estate market.

SOIL IMPROVEMENT SURVEYS FOR NEWLY ESTABLISHED AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

N. Stupen — 2023-12-16

An analytical review of publications on soil improvement surveys for enhancing fertility in newly established agricultural enterprises has been conducted. It is noted that the geographic location, natural conditions (terrain, water and forest resources, composition of agricultural land), and historical development characteristics have led to significant territorial differences in rural settlements, their sizes, and types.

At the current stage of social development, there is an urgent need to investigate the interaction between humans and nature, to identify consequences of these relations, and to plan nature conservation measures.

A brief analysis of the territorial organization methods is presented. It is also substantiated that land use should take into account ecological requirements such as soil quality, terrain, territory pollution, limitations imposed by landscape characteristics, and measures for development and improvement of agricultural lands.

Site investigations are carried out as part of comprehensive engineering surveys aiming to develop materials for assessing impacts of the objects and economic activities on the natural environment as part of project documentation for new construction, reconstruction, technical upgrade, or decommissioning of facilities in accordance with Building Code of Ukraine A.2.2-1; to forecast possible changes in order to keep the current trends and planned influences; to identify geopathogenic zones; to develop recommendations for regulating impacts, engineering preparation of developed (utilized) areas, and the peculiarities of building and construction designs, as well as recommendations for creating favorable ecological conditions; to devise measures for of the natural environment protection.

The composition of the survey works is determined depending on the goal of the works; degree of familiarity with the territory (including historical information); character and extent of changes in the conditions of natural components; degree of degradation of the natural environment components.

The methods of the survey work for each component are regulated by relevant normative documents.

Under difficult environmental conditions, specialized organizations should be engaged or information from their resources should be utilized for conducting the work, and the analysis of information should be carried out by the survey organization according to the intended purpose.

The main methods of restoring and maintaining high soil fertility and providing it with the structure include sowing perennial grasses, applying organic and mineral fertilizers, implementing crop rotation, and proper soil cultivation practices..

FUNDAMENTAL DATA BANKS FOR CREATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS OF UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES

V. Khakhula — 2023-12-16

Life management and modeling of the development of united territorial communities (UTC) is associated with the collection, processing, distribution, and storage of various technical, operational, financial, environmental, and other information. It is the basis for solving various current and future problems of forecasting development, improving the ecological conditions of territories, and optimizing the use of land, water, infrastructure resources, and system land use of UTC.

The majority of the mentioned data has a spatial component that characterizes objects and environmental phenomena in terms of their geographical location, therefore the organization of effective interconnection between data of different types and their operation is carried out based on the use of geoinformation technologies (GIS).

In the modern sense, GIS is an information system that provides collection, storage, processing, access, display and distribution of spatial coordinate data. It contains data on spatial objects in the form of their digital representations (vector, raster, and others) and at the same time includes, following the tasks, a set of functional capabilities in which geoinformation technology operations are implemented, supported by software, hardware, information, regulatory, personnel and organizational support.

Visual analysis is the most common and simplest way to use geographic information systems. Namely, the comparison of various objects (data about them) in the same territory to identify and make the following analysis of the dependencies between them.

The resource potential of the united territorial community is the available resources, including spatial, land, and financial resources. The capacity of the territorial community is primarily characterized by whether the resources of the community are effectively used, which make up its resource potential, which plays a key role in determining the functions, direction and dynamics of the development of the community.

The development of the market economy of infrastructure obliges communities to solve complex tasks of resource potential management, among which is the maximum use of potential opportunities, the formation of the ability to quickly adapt to the changing situation on the market.

EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE IN FOREST CADASTRE MANAGEMENT: PROSPECTS FOR UKRAINE

Yu. Khavar — 2023-12-16

The proposed study aims to analyze the management of European forests through rational forest cadastre management. In the current conditions of increasing anthropogenic pressure on land and forest resources, low forest cover growth, decreasing land productivity, uncontrolled mass deforestation, and development of forest land for construction, it has become crucial to ensure the rational use and protection of forest land. Private ownership of forestry land is prevalent in European Union (UA) member-states, resulting in a positive impact on the environmental and economic situation. Actually, private entities, communities, farms, and forestry corporations own the majority of European forests.

It is studied that the reasons of the area increase in private forest lands primarily include self-afforestation of inefficient agricultural lands, particularly in mountainous areas, where it is a problem to conduct farming. It is determined that the volume of forestry products has increased to UAH 13774.6 million, although this indicator is the lowest in Ukraine as compared to other EU member states. According to estimates, Ukraine takes the last position by the correlation of the volume of forest industry production and forest area. Ukraine harvests 157.54 m³ of wood from 1 hectare of forest area suitable for commercial production, which is half of the EU member states' ratio. Forestry is the primary type of land use in EU member states with high forest cover and low agricultural land use. The analysis of the data on distribution of agricultural lands by the form of ownership proves the fact that in the countries of the European Union having large area of forests most of the area in private property.

The article highlights European expertise of forest cadastre and describes the leading practice in Finland, Sweden, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Slovak Republic and Austria. These countries have large area of forests and good experience of managing them that can be applied in Ukraine.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ANALYZING THE LANDS OF ENVIRONMENTAL-PROTECTION PURPOSE WITHIN THE AREA OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES

N. Stoiko — 2023-12-16

The article presents the author’s vision of the methodological approach to analyzing the land use as an important component of the complex assessment of area when developing a complex plan of spatial development of the territorial community area. The work describes main components of the analysis of using land of environmental-protection purpose and necessary measures, namely choice of the analyzed object (land cover of the community area or separate types of land cover); collection of data about the land use (field, soil, geobotanic observations; geospatial data; information about anthropogenic changes of the land cover; information about ecosystem functions and services of the different types of lands); analysis of the obtained data (positive/negative transformations of the land cover; comparison of the cadastral data and actual conditions of the land use; assessment of the obtained/lost ecosystem services due to the land use). Based on the conducted analysis, it is recommended to make conclusions about conditions of the land resources use and consider those conclusions when developing and substantiating alternative decisions concerning the ecologically oriented and environmental use of the area. The methodological approach has been tested on the area of Zolochiv town community in Zolochiv district of Lviv region when analyzing the natural reserve area, territory of Emerald network of Ukraine, land plots with the self-sown forest vegetation, water-swamp lands. According to the analysis results, the following proposals are supplied, particularly to reduce fragmentation of the reserved areas, included in the Emerald network by creating ecological corridors; agricultural lands with the self-sown forests and swamp meadows should be qualified as environmental-protection area in the structure of the Emerald network. It is determined that by relating the ecosystem and human activity revealed in changes of the land use, one can get necessary information for the strategic ecological assessment of the project decisions of a complex plan. It will enable analyzing diversity of the ecosystem services and their impact on the ecological safety, studying how ecosystem responds to human activity, choosing optimal environmental measures as to reservation, forestation, renaturalization or restoration of natural ecosystems.

PECULIARITIES OF LAND MANAGEMENT UNDER MARTIAL LAW

Yu. Khavar — 2023-12-16

The land management sector in Ukraine has undergone significant reforms over the past few years. These reforms include lifting the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land, implementing the principle of extraterritoriality for land plot approval and registration, improving the Public Cadastral Map of Ukraine and electronic registers, and introducing other innovations to improve land relations in Ukraine. However, the full-scale war outbreak has created new challenges. Due to the nature of land management, these activities were suspended for almost four months, and electronic databases were closed. The Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Restoring the System of Registration of Lease Rights of Agricultural Land Plots and Improving Legislation on Land Protection" suspended the process of free transfer of land to private ownership. Nevertheless, the functioning of the State Land Cadastre was preserved, and over time, the work of land management organizations resumed. This enabled the establishment of communication between the subjects of land relations, but certain peculiarities in the implementation of land management work under martial law still arose. The authors of the scientific publication identify those peculiarities and problems of land management works during martial law, highlight their causes, and analyze the consequences for the subjects of land relations. Based on the results of the study, the authors define four factors that determine the peculiarities and problems of land management under martial law, namely, technical, legal, organizational, and economic factors.

It is substantiated that insufficient awareness of the land relations participants leads to numerous negative consequences for all parties. At the same time, the established communication between land relations subjects can increase the effectiveness of reforms and significantly reduce the negative consequences, even if imperfect legislation is adopted.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHODS OF NORMATIVE MONETARY VALUATION OF THE FOREST LAND PLOTS

T. Mykula — 2023-12-16

The paper analyzes updates to the “Methodology of normative monetary valuation of land plots” in terms of the normative monetary valuation of forestry lands. It is established that the new approaches to the normative monetary valuation of forestry land plots introduced by the law of Ukraine are based on differentiation of the standard of the capitalized rental income per unit of the area by using the coefficients considering the category of forests and the actual forest cover of the area. Such algorithm is applied both within and outside settlements. The previous approach used the coefficients which considered the type of forest vegetation conditions (values of those coefficients were differentiated for the categories of forests in which felling of the main use was allowed or prohibited, exploitation forests, as well as by the categories of forest tariff in Polissia, Forest Steppe, Steppe, Mountain Crimea, and the Ukrainian Carpathians), effect from using the technical, medicinal, other forest products and useful properties of forests, as well as compliance of the actual forest cover of the area with the optimum one. Within settlements, the normative monetary land valuation of that category was carried out according to the general algorithm of valuating the lands of settlements.

The performed analysis indicates that, according to the new methodology, the valuation values have significantly decreased. The average value of the normative monetary valuation of the forests of nature conservation, scientific, historical and cultural significance; recreation and health forests and protective forests is only 13 % of the average value according to the previous procedure, and for exploitation forests – 23 %. Such noticeable difference has happened because the new methodology does not consider differentiation based on the types of forest vegetation conditions, and fails to consider the distance of timber removal from the center of forest compartment to the nearest lower depot of the logger or timber loading by the railway (forest tariff category).

To differentiate the valuation indicators depending of the type of the forest vegetation conditions, it is proposed to use the coefficients of productivity of forest land and shrubs based on the types of forest vegetation conditions (degree of soil moisture (hygrotopes), soil fertility group (trophotopes)), to apply the coefficients which consider location of the community within the zone being influenced by large cities, the resort and recreational significance of settlements, location of the community within the radiation pollution zones, as well as the factor of location of the territorial community by calculating the coefficient determined as a share of the division of the capitalized rental income standard value for residential and public lands of the territorial community by a similar value of the rental income for settlements with a population of 5 to 20 thousand people.

MARKET OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN THE PRESENT CONDITIONS

N. Shpik — 2023-12-16

It is worth reminding that since July 1, 2021, the government has lifted the ban on purchasing and selling of private agricultural lands to run commercial agricultural production, and land plots intended for private farming by the owners of land shares.

It is proposed to study analytical information on the results of land relations in conditions of the open land market, starting from July 1, 2021.

The work mentions about the number of completed agreements on purchase and sale of agricultural lands with the specified indicators, as well as outlines the dynamics of weighted average price of land intended for commercial agricultural production and private farming.

The authors of the article describe regions characterized by the most active land market under martial law that is assessed by the indicators of completed agreements and the land area.

The research also studies dynamics of the prices of purchase and sale of agricultural land since July 2021 to April 2023.

A particular attention is also paid to electronic land auctions, which are considered a reference point of the fair price of land and the source of revenues to local budgets.

The article names categories of the most promising buyers of agricultural lands and their opportunity to get a land plot.

To provide the most complete information for the land market participants, the authors of the research outline the land market conditions, particularly who can buy land and what area, how the payments related with the land plots are made.

The article also includes a list of documents, required for purchase and sale of land.

In that context it is necessary to describe powers of communities (ATC) as to management of the land plots which are subject to purchase or sale.

APPLICATION OF GEOINFORMATION TOOLS FOR LAND MANAGEMENT IN ARCGIS ONLINE

Z. Ryzhok — 2023-12-16

It is substantiated that geographic information systems provide collection, maintenance, storage, analysis and distribution of spatial data. The task was to create a free-to-use map for the effective management of land resources of the territorial community with the help of ArcGIS Online geoinformation. For that purpose, a layer of administrative boundaries of Lviv region and Zhovkva territorial community was created. The ranking of districts in Zhovkva territorial community of Lviv region is presented by the area of agricultural land and built-up land based on the data of the 6-zem form that is a report on availability of lands and their distribution by land owners, land users, land and types of economic activity by using Map Viewer in ArcGIS Online. Visualization of the kadastr.live data layer for Zhovkva territorial community of Lviv region is made in ArcGIS Online. The visual maps of Zhovkva territorial community of Lviv region are visualized in the Instant Apps application with the help of the "Basic" application template, which allows to preview the application with maps and immediately publish them, as well as to get information about the land area, cadastral number, ownership form, intended use, purpose and category. The described application provides access to the information about land plots based on the data of the kadastr.live layer and enables sharing it with other users via the link https://gis-rs-lab.maps.arcgis.com/apps/instant/basic/index.html?appid=770d12da9d4a4434abd2ddda0064560c under the set general access providing users with the opportunity to analyze and edit the map.

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPING A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY AREA

H. Dudych — 2023-12-16

The study proves that a comprehensive plan for spatial development of the area of territorial community significantly simplifies and speeds up implementation of the project decisions, because its main purpose is to substantiate the future needs and determine predominant directions of the area use considering the national, public and private interests, establishing restrictions on their planning, building or other use. It is justified that organization and development of the community area should be based on a set of project decisions of a comprehensive spatial development plan, which identifies the most rational distribution of the area, types and intensity of economic activity, mutual placement of production and non-production objects, engineering and transport communications, etc. The study presents the main stages of developing a comprehensive plan for spatial development of the area of the territorial community. Such plan provides information on the current use of the territory, which allows to analyze, identify problems, and propose ways of territorial development of the community. The proposed planning solutions on the functional purpose of the area, organization of engineering and transport infrastructure, engineering preparation and improvement, protection of the territory from dangerous natural and anthropogenic processes, protection of the natural environment, protection and preservation of immovable objects of cultural heritage and archaeological monuments are described in the project plan that is subject to public discussion.

USING THE STRATEGIC SATELLITE IMAGERY METHODS FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND MONITORING

O. Hulko — 2023-12-16

With the development of society and the increasing impact of human activities on the Earth's ecological system, it is necessary to find new methods of managing natural resources while also satisfying human needs.

Nowadays, space imagery is the primary method of obtaining information through various carriers, with the support of survey equipment. This data is widely used in cartography to solve problems in all areas of science and technology, as well as to create geographic information systems. Every year, the volume of products related to mapping and geoinformation is expanding, and new areas for using this information are emerging. For several decades, space imagery has been characterized by acquiring aerial data with very high spatial resolution (<1 m), an increase in spectral resolution of imaging systems, and the implementation of spectral imagery.

A remote sensing model is a system that receives and converts input signals of the electromagnetic spectrum into output signals that form images or point source data about objects on the ground. In recent decades, remote sensing has been particularly useful for obtaining informative data about the earth's surface. Consequently, remote sensing can provide natural characteristics of soil types, vegetation, and more.

The information obtained through aerospace remote sensing is widely used in many countries around the world for finding minerals, assessing the rural potential of regions and countries, analyzing agricultural land, identifying types and species of crops, forecasting yields, and monitoring soils and pastures.

The soil science crisis in Ukraine was caused by the administrative-command economy in the past.

ASSESSMENT AND TAXATION OF REAL ESTATE SALES (EXCHANGE) TRANSACTIONS

H. Nesterenko — 2023-12-16

When purchasing real estate in Ukraine, experts should evaluate the property. Taxation of such transactions is approved by Article 172 of the Tax Code of Ukraine. On August 23, 2023, the Notary Chamber of Ukraine validated the main principles of the procedure of charging personal income tax for sales (exchange) operations with real estate.

Registration of the right to real estate always requires a great number and amount of obligatory payments. Everyone, who wants to exchange, sell, or present real estate or plans to inherit some property is interested in how much he/she should pay for the registration. Taxes and charges for such operations depend on some factors. The present work explains the peculiarities of that procedure.

Expert evaluation of property is the procedure to determine the value of real estate when completing contracts of purchase and sale/rent/mortgage, etc.

Expert evaluation of property is an obligatory document when registering a change of property ownership and is required for a correct amount of property tax to be determined.

Services of evaluation companies are rather inexpensive and the corresponding information can be found on the company website (companies are randomly chosen from different regions of the country, table 1).

All participants in the market are interested to maximum reduce the property value and, therefore, to pay less taxes. Nevertheless, it is technically impossible to significantly cut down the evaluation amount. According to the new rules of real estate evaluation, the estimated price varies within 25% of the so-called “registered price”, which is defined by the special national “assessment module” on the website of the State Property Fund of Ukraine.

The Single database of property valuation reports (hereafter – the Single database) is the national automated information and telecommunication system that includes the database, software, module of online computation of the assessed price, service of online determination, and automatic generation of electronic certificates about the assessed prices of real estate objects.

As of August 01, 2023, taxation of the real estate sales (exchange) transactions was validated by the Notary Chamber of Ukraine with consideration of the current version of the Tax Code, as well as the information available at the General information and reference resources of the State Tax Service (table 2).

The number of sales is computed per year for each category of property with consideration of some peculiarities, particularly the sales of inherited property is computed separately (as a total for 1 and 3 entries) for each kind of object.

Personal income tax (PIT) and military fee are paid by the seller, state duty – on agreement between the seller and buyer, whilst the buyer pays the Pension Fund fee. Parties of the transaction agree on who makes what payments. However, the payments should be done on behalf of the above-mentioned parties that are approved by the law (table 3).

The tax is paid referring to the amount of profit gained from the sales. The profit is assessed according to the price mentioned in the contract of purchase and sale, i.e. from the amount which the buyer pays to the seller for the real estate object, but not less than the assessed price.

IMPROVING APPROACHES TO THE NORMATIVE MONETARY VALUATION OF RECLAIMED LANDS

M. Susak — 2023-12-16

Changes in land reclamation methods at the state level, and the increasing importance of these methods for agricultural businesses, necessitate corresponding adjustments to the information support of rational land use, especially in regards to the evaluation of state land cadastre. The monetary valuation of land plots is vital to the economy and requires improved methods for evaluating reclaimed land.

The normative monetary valuation of land plots by the Law of Ukraine “On Land Valuation” dated December 11, 2003, is the capitalized rental income from the land plot, determined according to established and approved standards. Taking into consideration this interpretation, the additional rental income generated by land reclamation should be taken into account in the valuation process. This process is based on the data of the state land cadastre supplemented with information about reclamation networks and components of reclamation networks. Improvement of the methodological approaches to reclaimed lands is carried out based on the integrity of the methodological and informational space in land valuation. Thus, it is proposed to increase the current normative monetary valuation by the coefficient Km for reclaimed lands within the service areas of the land reclamation network. It should be calculated based on the ratio of additional income received due to land reclamation to the total income on reclaimed lands. The authors of the research suggest defining the additional income as the product of additional productivity at the sale price reduced by the amount of additional costs for the operation of the reclamation network and the average rate of agricultural production profit.

The proposed approach utilizes normative monetary valuation to objectively assess land plots owned by different business entities. This valuation considers the reclamation conditions and ensures fair redistribution of land rent through the implementation of land tax and lease payment mechanisms.

AMENDMENTS TO SOME ACTS OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE CONCERNING LAND AND SOIL PROTECTION

M. Batura — 2023-12-16

Law of Ukraine dated October 19, 2022 No. 2698-IX "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts Regarding the Restoration of the System of Registration of Agricultural Land Lease Rights and Improvement of Land Protection Legislation" aimed at restoring the system of registration of agricultural land lease rights, which existed before the introduction of martial law, increasing the efficiency of the implementation of state policy in the field of land protection, regulating the procedure for entering information on the qualitative characteristics of land, and introducing measures for the protection of land and soil, restrictions on the use of land of the State Land Cadastre. In compliance with the requirements of this law, the State Geocadastre has developed a document – amendments to some acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine concerning land and soil protection.

This document envisages introducing a mechanism for entering information about various measures regarding land and soil protection into the State Land Cadastre. This will enable physical and legal entities to have the opportunity to use such information in the form of an extract from the State Land Cadastre about a land plot and on the Public Cadastral Map of Ukraine (which is currently not available for viewing). This opportunity will provide owners, users, local self-government bodies, and other interested parties with information about existing prohibitions or restrictions, conditions, and modes of land use that meet the requirements of the law. The classification of land and soil protection measures will also be introduced, which will provide identification of the groups of lands that have been disturbed as a result of emergencies, armed aggression, and hostilities. Such classification will contribute to objective and fair decisions regarding the determination of taxation of such lands.

Additionally, the document has simplified the form of extracts from the State Land Cadastre, improved the electronic document, and excluded the administrative service provided free of charge, No 835 «Issuance of a permit for the removal and transfer of soil cover of land plots».

NORMATIVE AND LEGAL PROVISION OF THE SPATIAL PLANNING OF LAND USE DEVELOPMENT

A. Pyrih — 2023-12-16

The text highlights the importance of comprehensive plans of territorial communities and the regulatory and legal support required to prepare them. It also reflects on the changes in land and urban planning legislation and provides recommendations for the creation of such plans. The comprehensive plan for the spatial development of the territory of the territorial community (hereinafter referred to as the comprehensive plan) is both urban planning documentation at the local level and land management documentation developed to ensure the sustainable development of the territory. The comprehensive plan provides for planning decisions regarding the prospective use of the entire territory of the territorial community, based on the analysis of all resources owned by the community, and provides the community with a tool for integrated development to solve problematic and conflict issues, as well as in compliance with the principle of balancing state, public and private interests. The comprehensive plan ensures coordinated decision-making regarding the integral (complex) spatial development of all settlements as a single settlement system and the territory beyond them.

The main changes in the field of land and urban planning legislation, which are reflected in the Laws of Ukraine «On Urban Planning Activities», «On Land Management», the Land Code of Ukraine, as well as several other normative legal acts, resolutions of the Verkhovna Rada and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, are analyzed.

It is proposed to improve the legislation on the use of land in the system of restrictions because significant territories can be removed from economic activity, which can reduce the income of local communities.

It is also proposed to foresee the concept of «technological limitations» regarding more rational use of land by agro-enterprises and farms.

ADAPTATION OF ANTHROPOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES OF SHAPING IN THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLUTIONS FOR DESIGNING AND REVITALIZING HISTORICAL BUILDINGS OF WALDORF PRESCHOOL AND EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS

A. Stepaniuk — 2023-12-16

The architectural environment of buildings of the preschool and educational institutions of Waldorf pedagogy is one of the most important components of children education. For creating a proper environment for the education and formation of a child's personality, a significant role is performed by spiritual science called anthroposophy. Adaptation of anthroposophical principles of shaping in the three-dimensional solutions when designing new and revitalizing historical buildings of preschool and educational institutions is one of the promising methods of achieving the goal in the architectural practice of designing children's institutions of Waldorf pedagogy. This goal is to create a harmonious and comfortable environment for children education.

A number of scientific methods were used in the research to solve the set tasks, particulalry synchronous (aimed to reveal the general conditions of development of the architectural and spatial environment of kindergartens); method of system analysis, method of characteristic and assessment of the conditions of architectural and spatial environment of kindergartens, abstraction (to study individual objects of the kindergartens of Waldorf pedagogy; analytical-synthetic (to formulate a holistic view of the current state of the problem of architectural and spatial environment of kindergartens); method of analogy (to establish correlations between kindergartens using different approaches to education); inductive method (to summarize results of studying available sources).

It is studied that architectural and spatial environment of the designed and revitalized buildings of preschool and educational institutions of Waldorf pedagogy, their material basis, is grounded on the principles of spiritual science called anthroposophy. The constructive and spatial solutions, building and finishing materials, color range of premises and elements of the spatial environment provide favorable conditions for upbringing and developing a child's personality.

The influence of architectural environment on children development has been established. The exceptional role of application and adaptation of anthroposophical principles in shaping the architectural environment of preschool and educational institutions of Waldorf pedagogy has been confirmed.

ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING SOLUTIONS FOR SMALL FAMILY FARMS OF DAIRY CATTLE

A. Baranovych — 2023-12-16

After transitioning from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary one, humans relied on agriculture and animal husbandry as their primary source of sustenance. The first permanent settlements were established, and with them came the first farms for growing crops and breeding animals. Initially, these farms were family-run, but as they grew in size, owners began to hire non-relatives for labor, and they began to use hired and slave labor. This marked a significant milestone in the development of farming worldwide. As the economy continued to grow, the use of hired and paid labor replaced serfdom and slavery on larger farms, while smaller farms retained their familial structure.

Considering the socioeconomic and cultural differences between rural and urban lifestyles, it is noteworthy that family-owned farms provide better service, quality products and compliance with industry standards due to their smaller production capacity, allowing for better focus on quality over quantity.

Large farms, designed for 50 or more livestock, require a larger area for proper functioning, including grazing, growing, and storing fodder for animals. Studies have shown that small farms can operate efficiently without the need for a large area or extensive infrastructure required by larger farms. The development of plans for small farms could increase their competitiveness in the food market, while also boosting the level of domestic agricultural production in the country.

SYSTEM OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE IN THE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE

kh. Terletska — 2023-12-16

Throughout its centuries-long history, the Ukrainian state has accumulated numerous architectural objects on its territory, and the historical memory of our country depends on their preservation. The state development is based on preservation of the cultural heritage, as it is a kind of engine driving the social and cultural development of every nation.

The issues of protection and preservation of the architectural heritage are regulated by the Convention on Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe, which was ratified in 2006. Ukraine has created a comprehensive legislative and regulatory framework that governs the role of the state, central government and local governments in the field of cultural heritage protection, as well as legal entities and individuals, regardless of the form of ownership of the cultural heritage sites and monuments. Therefore, the following laws and programs were adopted: «On Protection of Cultural Heritage», «On Preservation of Architectural and Urban Planning Heritage», «On Protection of Archaeological Heritage», «On the List of Cultural Heritage Monuments that Are not Subject to Privatization», «On the Fundamentals of Urban Planning», «On Territory Planning», «On Architectural Activity», «On Culture», «On Protection of Cultural Heritage» and «On Regulation of Urban Planning Activity».

The preservation, effective functioning and use of architectural monuments primarily depends on the system of public administration, which consists of three levels. The central level is the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. At the regional level, these are the regional and city councils, as well as cultural heritage protection authorities of regional state administrations. And the local level, it includes district state administrations, village, town, city, district, regional councils, executive authorities of village, town, and city councils. Based on the functions of the state apparatus, the authors of the research have identified the main problems that exist in the cultural heritage management system, namely the need of clear delineation of powers and functions between cultural heritage management authorities in the legislation of Ukraine; lack of staff and resources for implementation of the activities for the preservation and protection of cultural heritage; low public awareness; lack of clear and systematic public administration of cultural heritage protection; the necessity to compose a State Register of Immovable Monuments; absence of regulatory framework for professional activities in the field of cultural heritage protection; no direct public influence; the needs to consider architectural heritage as means of administrative management.

METHODS OF THE NEURAL NETWORK INFLUENCE ON THE FORMAL TRANSFORMATIVE EXPRESSION OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

M. Kulik — 2023-12-16

The potential impact of neural networks on optimizing the design processes in the construction industry cannot be exaggerated. The article analyzes the use of neural networks for creating and processing details and features of architectural and construction styles, particularly functional and hi-tech styles, through the transformative expression by using neural networks.

Neural networks (hereafter NNs) have the potential to revolutionize the industry of construction and architecture by providing faster, more efficient, and more accurate processes in generating architectural elements and concept art. The NNs can be used for design optimization, enhancing design proposals, planning and construction by analyzing large volumes of data and determining the most economically viable engineering solutions.

The use of neural networks can result in improved productivity in the construction industry. Today, NNs can be applied to analyze various architectural styles using images, generating design iterations based on them. This analysis can help engineers, architects, and designers to better understand the defining characteristics of different styles and apply them in their own projects. Incorporating neural networks in the design optimization process significantly enhances productivity and accuracy. These options can reduce costs of the design and additional design services.

The interaction between NNs and information modeling opens new possibilities for improving planning, coordination, and construction management processes. These advantages contribute to error reduction, enhanced accuracy, and decreased project execution risks, which are crucial for successful implementation of construction tasks in the modern world. The continuous advancements in neural networks and their application in construction hold the promise of transforming the industry, fostering innovation, and shaping the future of architectural design and construction practices.

ARTISTIC CONTENT OF THE PEARLS OF THE CHURCH ARCHITECTURE OF BOIKIVSHCHYNA

S. Pisio — 2023-12-16

Boikivshchyna has been famous for its artistic traditions since ancient times. Works of folk painting of the 16th –18th centuries have been preserved in the Boikivshchyna region. They belong to the complex of unique monuments of the Ukrainian national artistic culture. The traditional decorative art of Boikivshchyna: embroidery, wood carving, decorating clothes, painting Easter eggs – have their own unique character. Architecture takes a prominent position in the cultural activities of local population and has brought its universal recognition. And this is quite natural, because the area of Boikivshchyna region has been covered by forest from immemorial time proving wood as an excellent building material. Folk craftsmen built houses with galleries, water mills, churches, bell towers, which are now considered masterpieces of folk architecture. Over centuries, a unique Boiky style has been developing, which reflects ingenuity, observation, aesthetic tastes and preferences of the builders. The use of wood contributed to development of its artistic processing and technology. Ancient buildings impress with their appearance, successful observance of proportions, always appropriate decorative decoration, expediency and rationality. The best examples of architecture have withstood the test of time and become monuments of culture testifying the high skills and artistic taste of their creators. Wooden temples are works of architectural perfection that best identify Ukrainians as a nation. Boiky sacred architecture is distinguished by picturesqueness, proportionality, a good ratio of masses and forms, mastery of material processing. On the ethnic territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians, the so-called type of “Boiky churches” was formed. It is a three-part and three-story church, in which the log cabins of the sanctuary, nave and babinets (forecourt) are covered with tented finishes with many folds. Despite the fact that there were different schools of construction of wooden churches in different regions, the principles of their construction are the same. The Boiky architecture is majestic in terms of the originality and uniqueness of the Ukrainian people and the world heritage of artistic achievements.

IMPACT OF THE PARAMETERS OF HEAT POWER ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES ON THE SHARE OF AL2O3 IN THE PRODUCED ASH AND SLAG WASTE THAT IS USED AS AN ADDITIVE IN THE PRODUCTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS

O. Bereziuk — 2023-12-16

The research is devoted to the study of ash and slag waste of heat power engineering enterprises, which contains Al₂O_3. The annual volume of the waste in Ukraine is 8 million tons, and the increase of occupied land areas is 22 thousand ha. In the EU countries, more than 92% of such waste is recovered. Therefore, identification of a regression model for predicting the share of Al₂O₃ in the produced ash and slag waste of heat power engineering enterprises depending on the main parameters of influence, which can be used when developing a strategy for reusing the industrial waste in the production of building materials, is an urgent scientific and technical task. A multifactorial quadratic regression dependence of forecasting the share of Al₂O₃ in the produced ash and slag waste of heat power engineering enterprises depending on the main influencing parameters, namely capacity of the heat power engineering enterprise, duration of operation, the lower heat of fuel combustion, was obtained. It is determined that, according to Fisher's test, the hypothesis about the adequacy of the obtained regression model can be considered correct with 95 % confidence. The correlation coefficient is 0.99723, which indicates sufficient reliability of the obtained results. The obtained regression dependence can be used when developing a strategy for reusing the industrial waste in production of building materials. It is established that among the considered factors of influence, the share of Al₂O₃ in the produced ash and slag waste of heat power engineering enterprises mostly depends on the lower heat of fuel combustion, and the least – on the capacity of the heat power engineering enterprise. The response surfaces of the target function, i.e. the share of Al₂O₃ in the produced ash and slag waste of heat power engineering enterprises, are constructed. It allows to visually illustrate the dependence of this target function on the individual parameters of influence.

PARAMETERS OF CONSTRUCTION SITES IN THE CRAMPED CONDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTION

I. Mudryi — 2023-12-16

Construction in the conditions of existing buildings normally extends the time for organisation and execution of the technological operations, makes significant restrictions as to conditions of work performance due to the presence of both internal and external obstacles. When developing the design and technological documentation in tight deadlines, it is necessary to adopt rational construction schemes for the dimensions of a particular construction site, which are characterised by various restrictions and obstacles. In the practice of developing the design and technological documentation, the degree of compressibility of both the construction site and the surrounding infrastructure is usually not assessed. In the project of construction organisation, it is only assessed whether the existing construction conditions are compressible, and if so, the procedure for monitoring the impact of the performed work on the surrounding area and buildings is developed. Measures of organising construction sites in such conditions are provided rather generalized in the regulatory documents and do not depend on the quantitative value of the compressibility indicator, and thus, decisions are made by the designer independently.

Based on the practical experience of designing construction master plans, the main factors affecting the compressibility of the working conditions are outlined. The parameters of the construction site are analysed on the basis of current regulatory documents and the main requirements to development of the construction management projects for such conditions are established.

The study of the conditions of compact construction has revealed the need to compile a complete list of compressibility conditions, to make classification and grouping of them in order to identify the impact of each group on the cost or duration of the construction and installation works. It is necessary to develop a general procedure for assessing compressibility of the work performance (indicator) and the required measures for organising the works depending on its quantitative value.

MANAGEMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE FORMATION BY USING A MIXTURE OF SURFACE-ACTIVE SUBSTANCES

O. Shyshkin — 2023-12-16

Теоретично обґрунтовано механізм структуроутворення бетону застосуванням ефекту гідрофобної гідратації на прикладі використання суміші колоїдної та грубодисперсної поверхнево-активних речовин. Для досягнення мети виконували такі завдання: теоретичні дослідження механізму впливу колоїдних поверхнево-активних речовин та грубодисперсних поверхнево-активних речовин на структуру бетону; для підтвердження результатів теоретичних досліджень зміна властивості отриманих бетонів вимірюванням їх міцності. Представлено результати теоретичних досліджень впливу на структуру бетону колоїдних та грубодисперсних поверхнево-активних речовин. Показано, що введення у бетон означених колоїдних поверхнево-активних речовин у надмалій концентрації призводить до виникнення ефекту гідрофобної гідратації, тобто зміни взаємодії між молекулами води. Використано як колоїдну гідрофобну поверхнево-активну речовину олеат натрію, а як грубодисперсну – поверхнево-активну речовину – вуглеводні. Зауважено, що гідрофобна гідратація характерна тим, що частина розчиненої речовини має на трансляційний рух молекул води гальмівну дію, зумовлену тим, що частина простору розчину, яка відповідає власному об’єму часток розчиненої речовини, виявляється недоступною для молекул води. Гідрофільна й гідрофобна гідратації мають різний механізм. Великі гідрофільні іони викликають упорядкування структури води. Маючи більше впорядковану структуру, ніж чиста вода, розчини зазначених солей вимагають меншої роботи для розчинення, внаслідок чого розчинність останніх зростає. Проведені експерименти дають підстави для однозначного висновку, про те, що внаслідок введення у воду молекул гідрофільних поверхнево-активних речовин у вигляді димерів та наночастинок іншої поверхнево-активної речовини відбувається структурування води, тобто утворення безперервної фрактальної сітки з молекул води. Завдяки цьому утворюються комплексні сполуки, які містять значну кількість хімічно зв’язаної води, що забезпечує підвищення міцності та зменшення деформативності бетону.