Bulletin of Lviv National Environmental University. Series Agronomy

PHYTOREMEDIATION PROPERTIES OF VEGETATION OF RECREATIONAL AREAS OF THE PARK-MONUMENT OF LANDSCAPE ART "DUBLIANSKYI"

2024-11-18T20:50:49+02:00

Publications on the ability of autotrophic plants to purify atmospheric air, soils, natural water bodies, and artificially created lakes, ponds, and industrial wastewater lagoons were analyzed.

The historical literary sources of the formation of park zones of the Dublianskyi Park-Monument of landscape art and the project documentation for the maintenance and reconstruction of the arboretum were studied.

The current state of the park's tree and shrub vegetation on the territory of Lviv National Environmental University and its phytoremediation properties were investigated. The plants-purifiers of the environment are grouped by systematic belonging to families and by their functional purpose.

It has been established that Lemna minor L., Scirpus lacustris L., Typha angustifolia L., Stuckenia pectinata L., Sagittaria sagittifolia L., Iris pseudacorus L. carry out rhizophilisation in the reservoir in the park. They absorb water and pollutants with their rhizomes and roots, thus cleaning the saprophytic sediments of the lake basin. Phytoextraction of pollutants from the air is carried out by Tilia cordata Mill., Aesculus pavia L., Populus alba L., Salix fragilis L. And other representatives of tree and shrub vegetation, such as Thuja plicata D. Don., Pinus strobus L., Buxus sempervirens L., Taxus baccata L., Juniperus communis L., Abies alba Mill., perform phytovolatilisation – evaporating water and volatile elements through the spines and scaly leaves, enriching the environment with phytoncides.

Symbionts that play a dual positive role – nourishing the soil with natural nitrogen fertilisers and simultaneously cleansing it of heavy metals – are representatives of the Fabaceae family: Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. et Zucc.,Robinia pseudoacacia L., Catalpa bignonioides Walt., Caragana arbo-rescens Lam. Phyto-stimulation is provided by the development of bacteria of the Rhizobiaceae family.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE CADMIUM CONTAMINATION FOR THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STATUS OF THE DARK GRAY PODZOLIC SOIL IN THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

2024-11-18T20:57:05+02:00

Contamination with heavy metals is a major concern because of their toxicity and threat to human life and environment. The object of the study was dark gray podzolic soil polluted with cadmium. The samples were taken from the research field of Lviv National Environmental University, from the layer of 0–60 cm deep. Cadmium (CdCl₂·2.5 H₂O) was applied to the top layer of soil as water-salt solutions in different doses, namely 0; 3; 15; 30 mg kg^-1. The basic chemical and physical properties, such as soil reaction, organic carbon content, grain size composition, total surface area, porosity, and hydrolytic acidity of the samples were analyzed using routine laboratory procedures. The soluble forms of Cd were also investigated. The soil reaction ranged between 6.9 and 7.6 in 1M KCl and 7.4–8.1 in H₂O, whereas the content of organic C ranged between 0.62 and 1.59 %. For Cd-treated samples, the content of sand fraction changed from 7 to 25 %, silt fraction – from 47 to 63 %, and clay – from 18 to 43 %. The pore volume of polluted soil ranged from 411 to 515 mm³ g^-1. The total surface area of the soils varied from 26.8 m² g^-1 to 40.0 m² g^-1. The content of available forms of cadmium was the highest in the top layers of soils. The presence of this element was similar to that in the control sample at the depth of 30 cm only for small initial doses of Cd. The content of Cd for the highest dose and at the deepest soil level was higher than for the control sample. The behaviour of cadmium in soil and the influence of cadmium on the basic characteristics of dark gray podzolic soil can be caused by the chemical properties of this metal and the properties of the soil. The rate of migration of mobile forms of cadmium in the soil may be an indication of its self-purification.

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF SOILS IN THE AREA ADJACENT TO THE MLYNIV LANDFILL OF RECYCLED RESOURCES

2024-11-18T21:01:37+02:00

The paper investigates the impact of solid household waste stored at the landfill of the Mlynivske municipal enterprise in Rivne region on the soil condition of the adjacent territory.

The obtained data on the content of heavy metals indicate a significant anthropogenic impact of the studied object on the ecological state of soils. An increased level of contamination is manifested in the northwestern direction, where the TLV (Threshold Limit Value) for lead and manganese is exceeded by two to three times, for zinc and nickel by one to two times, and by 1.5 times for copper.

It is noted that both non-compliance with the technology of solid waste storage and the filtration characteristics of the landfill bottom soils contribute to the formation of leachate. In view of this, it is necessary to prevent leachate from entering aquifers used to provide drinking water to the population. Therefore, at the bottom of the landfill trenches and pits, an artificial base in the form of an impervious surface screen should be arranged, consisting of two layers of 0.2 mm thick soot-stabilized polyethylene film. This will help protect aquifers from contamination.

The impervious surface should be laid from the bottom of the pit to a height corresponding to the thickness of one layer of household solid waste (HSW), but not less than 2.25 m (according to DSTU B B.2.1-2-2014) and covered with a protective layer of soil at least 0.5 m thick.

To control possible groundwater contamination by the landfill filters, two observation wells are planned. One well should be located upstream of the groundwater flow, and the other downstream. This will allow for ongoing monitoring of the landfill's impact on groundwater and groundwater quality and a comprehensive assessment of the technical condition of this man-made facility.

CHANGES IN THE PROPERTIES OF MOUNTAIN FOREST SOILS IN THE ZONE OF MIXED BEECH FORESTS OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF WATER EROSION

2024-11-18T21:10:30+02:00

The study investigates erosion of mountain forest soils and its dependence on a number of factors of natural and anthropogenic origin, establishes the type and character of erosion processes in connection with logging and the properties of brown forest soils of the Carpathians, and determines the sizes and volumes of soil losses as a result of erosion. The data on the various nature of the influence of the steepness of the slope on the dynamics of erosion processes are given, and the value of removal by the intrasoil runoff of fine soil is determined. The brown forest soils in the indicated forest cuts differ in the content of the skeleton. An increase in the skeletal structure of brown forest soils in conditions of a mild, humid climate does not cause a noticeable deterioration of their forest vegetation conditions. The mechanical composition and especially the skeletal structure affect the physical properties and determine the relationship of the soil to erosion processes. The increase in the intensity of erosion from top to bottom is caused by an increase in the strength of the flow due to the inflow of water from the upper elements of the relief. Shallower poorly developed light brown forest soils are less resistant to the development of erosion processes compared to deeper dark ones. On less stony soils in the lower part of the slope, after the felling of the forest, a slight decrease in porosity and a sharper decrease in the infiltration capacity of the upper horizon were noted.

On heavily stony soils, after the felling of the forest, fine soil and the most important nutrients were washed away from the upper horizons of the soil. Significant losses cause a sharp decrease in forest plant properties of skeletal soils, and sometimes turn them into stony placers unsuitable for reforestation.

The erosion of mountain forest soils caused by predatory management is described. As a result of the research, production organizations will receive recommendations for the widespread implementation of erosion control measures.

CHEMICAL CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF WATER BODIES

2024-11-18T21:15:10+02:00

The article examines the chemical criteria for assessing the ecological conditions of water bodies, which is an important aspect of monitoring and protecting water resources. The main indicators of water quality, such as the level of pollutants, concentration of heavy metals, pH, dissolved oxygen content, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), are analyzed. Special attention is paid to analytical chemistry methods used to measure these indicators. The study's results highlight the necessity of a comprehensive approach to assessing the ecological state of water bodies, which includes both chemical analysis and consideration of other factors, such as physicochemical properties and biological criteria.

The authors conducted a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical parameters of water bodies and examined the mechanisms of heavy metals accumulation in bottom sediments. Three main mechanisms are described: adsorption on minerals, sedimentation of insoluble forms, and bioabsorption by aquatic organisms. The study's findings confirm that bottom sediments act as significant accumulators of toxins, which can influence water quality and overall ecosystem health.

The relationship between soil enzyme activity (invertase and dehydrogenase) and soil contamination with heavy metals is explored. Notably, dehydrogenase activity is identified as a reliable bioindicator of heavy metal presence in soils, while invertase activity depends on humus content. The study concludes that increased anthropogenic burden leads to decreased enzyme activity and degradation of soil and aquatic ecosystems.

The results provide valuable insights into the effects of heavy metals on water bodies and underscore the importance of chemical criteria in assessing the ecological conditions of water bodies. The authors give recommendations as to utilizing the findings to develop ecological standards and assess contamination risks.

INFLUENCE OF SOIL CULTIVATION METHOD ON THE INTENSITY OF CESIUM-137 ACCUMULATION IN THE VEGETATIVE MASS OF DACTYLIS GLOMERATA (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.)

2024-11-18T21:28:13+02:00

Technogenic activities have led to the contamination of various environmental components, including natural meadows, with various toxic substances. Given the limited effectiveness of agrotechnological measures to improve these natural meadows, they are among the most critical areas for producing high-quality and safe plant raw materials. Natural meadows endured significant technogenic stress due to the Chornobyl nuclear power plant accident, resulting in contamination with radionuclides, notably cesium-137, which is particularly dangerous due to its high mobility in the soil-plant system.

This article presents research findings on the impact of different soil tillage methods on natural meadows, 38 years after the Chornobyl accident, specifically regarding the accumulation of cesium-137 in the vegetative mass of Dactylis glomerata.

The study was conducted in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Vinnytsia region, on gray forest soils of natural meadows that had not been cultivated during this period. Two research variants were implemented, each with four repetitions, using 25 m² plots. The first variant involved disking the soil to a depth of 10-14 cm, while the second involved plowing to a depth of 22-24 cm. Both processes were performed in the autumn. Before sowing the grasses in the spring, pre-sowing cultivation and harrowing were carried out.

Soil samples for radiological analysis were collected using the envelope method from five points, with each sample weighing 0.5 kg, and taken from a depth of 10 cm. The vegetative mass of Dactylis glomerata was collected through spot sampling from an area of 1 m² for each research variant and its repetitions, before the beginning of the budding phase. The content of cesium-137 in both the soil and the vegetative mass of Dactylis glomerata was measured using a SEG-05 gamma spectrometer.

The findings revealed that disking the natural meadows to a depth of 14 cm reduced the cesium-137 content in the 10-cm soil layer by 5.6%, while plowing to a depth of 24 cm decreased it by 2.07 times. Soil treatment of the natural meadows positively impacted the reduction of cesium-137 accumulation in the vegetative mass of Dactylis glomerata. Disking to a depth of 14 cm reduced the cesium-137 content in the vegetative mass by 11.0% while plowing to a depth of 24 cm reduced it by 44.1%.

These results underscore the significance of agronomic practices for enhancing the quality of plant raw materials in contaminated land conditions.

AGE-RELATED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MACROSTRUCTURE, LIPID COMPOSITION, STRENGTH AND GROWTH OF SHEEP WOOL

2024-12-02T19:09:03+02:00

The results of experimental studies of the age-related characteristics of the macrostructure, lipid composition, strength and growth of sheep wool are presented. The study was conducted on ewe lambs and ewes of the Prekos breed.

As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the wool of ewe lambs, in comparison with ewes, contains probably a larger amount of alpha-keratosis (Р < 0.05), i.e. protein macro- and microfibrils, and a smaller amount of gamma-keratosis (Р < 0.05), that is, the wool fiber matrix.

Significant changes in the lipid composition of wool fibers are observed against the background of almost the same content of total internal lipids – 0.97 % in ewe lambs and 1.03 % in ewes. In particular, the wool of full-aged ewes, in comparison with ewe lambs, is characterized by probably a higher content of non-esterified fatty acids (Р < 0.01) and a lower content of esterified cholesterol (Р < 0.05). Such results also indicate that, with age, processes of hydrolysis, oxidation, and saponification of their lipid components occur in wool fibers. It was also shown that ewe lamb wool contains a lower amount of sulfolipids (Р < 0.05) and a higher amount of ceramides (Р < 0.05). As is known, the latter is important in shaping the surface properties of hair, influencing its hydrophobic properties, diffusion and sorption, resistance to weather conditions and degradation processes, as well as its physical properties, particularly strength.

Differences in the macrostructure and lipid composition of wool of different age groups of sheep were also reflected in the physical properties of the fibers, in particular their strength. Thus, the wool of ewe lambs, although unlikely, was stronger, compared to the wool of ewes. As for wool growth, no significant age differences were found under the conditions of our research.

EFFECT OF SUNFLOWER OIL AND SUNFLOWER SEED SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF COW MILK

2024-12-02T19:16:10+02:00

The article discusses the results of a study on how feeding lactating cows sunflower oil and sunflower seeds impacts milk production and the fatty acid composition of milk fat.

The use of high-energy fat supplements has a positive effect on cow milk production, especially during early lactation when animals may struggle to consume enough feed to meet their genetically programmed productivity needs.

Despite the presence of sufficient unsaturated fatty acids in the diet, cow milk contains small amounts of them due to biohydrogenation processes in the rumen, which are known to have a positive impact on human health. However, introducing plant oils into the diet harms rumen fiber digestion processes. Feeding oilseed seeds may be a way to reduce the negative impact of unsaturated fatty acids on rumen microbial activity, thereby increasing milk production and quality.

The study was conducted during the winter housing period. After a preparatory period, cows were divided into three groups of five each. During the study period, cows in the first group received a ration without fat supplements. Cows in the second group had sunflower oil added to their ration, replacing a portion of concentrates, at a rate of 3 % of dry matter. Cows in the third group were fed sunflower seeds, replacing a portion of concentrates equivalent to 3 % oil of dry matter.

Feeding lactating cows with sunflower oil increased milk yield and lactose content, while fat-corrected milk yield, fat, protein, lactose content, and milk fat and protein yields decreased. This fat supplement reduced the content of C₁₂-C₁₆ and saturated fatty acids in milk fat, while increasing the content of C₁₈, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Feeding sunflower seeds to cows increased milk yield, milk fat, protein, lactose content and milk fat, protein and lactose yields. Introducing this fat supplement into the ration reduced the content of C₁₂-C₁₆ and saturated fatty acids in milk fat while increasing the content of C₁₈, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

PRODUCTIVITY OF SUGAR BEET DEPENDING ON THE CALCULATED FERTILIZER NORMS FOR THE PROGRAMMED YIELD ON DARK GREY PODZOLIC SOIL

2024-12-02T19:04:54+02:00

This study presents the results of examining the effects of calculated fertilizer norms on the anticipated yields of 55, 60, and 65 t/ha of sugar beet of Panda hybrid grown on dark grey podzolic soil in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The experimental setup included the following variants: control (without fertilizers); recommended norm for this zone N₁₂₀P₁₆₀K₁₇₀(1.00 : 1.33 : 1.42); calculated fertilizer norm N₁₇₃P₂₀₉K₂₅₃(1.00 : 1.21 : 1.46) for a programmed yield of 55 t/ha; calculated fertilizer norm N₁₈₉P₂₂₈K₂₇₆(1.00 : 1.21 : 1.46) for a programmed yield of 60 t/ha; calculated fertilizer norm N₂₀₄P₂₄₇K₂₉₉ (1.00 : 1.21 : 1.46) for a programmed yield of 65 t/ha.

Approximate correction factors were utilized for the calculations to ensure plants receive the necessary nutrients - nitrogen fertilizers at 0.7, phosphorus fertilizers at 1.0, and potassium fertilizers at 1.0. The average consumption rates of the main nutrients for the formation of 1 ton of crop yield are as follows: N – 4.5 kg, P₂O₅ – 3.8 kg, K₂O – 4.6 kg.

The highest yield of 64.8 t/ha with an increase to the control of 32.1 t/ha, or 98 %, on average over the years of research, was obtained when applying mineral fertilizers at the calculated norm of N₂₀₅P₂₄₇K₂₉₉. When the calculated norm of N₁₈₉P₂₂₈K₂₇₆ was applied, the yield was 60.2 t/ha with an increase of 27.5 t/ha, or 84 %, compared to the control variant. When applying the calculated norm of N₁₇₃P₂₀₉K₂₅₃, the yield was 54.6 t/ha with an increase of 21.9 t/ha, or 67 %, compared to the control variant. When the recommended norm of N₁₂₀P₁₆₀K₁₇₀ was applied, the yield was 48.5 t/ha with an increase of 15.8 t/ha, or 48 %, compared to the control variant. The lowest sugar beet yield of 32.7 t/ha was obtained in the control variant of the experiment – without fertilization.

The highest sugar content of 17.6 % was obtained in the control variant, and its total yield of 10.36 t/ha was obtained with the application of the calculated norm of mineral fertilizers of N₂₀₅P₂₄₇K₂₉₉ for a programmed yield of 65 t/ha. The lowest sugar content was obtained with the calculated norm of N₂₀₅P₂₄₇K₂₉₉– 16.0 %. In the control variant, the sugar yield was the lowest and amounted to 5.75 t/ha.

The highest net profit of 41771 UAH/ha and a profitability level of 98.6 % was achieved with the application of the calculated norm of N₂₀₅P₂₄₇K₂₉₉.

DEGRADATION PROCESSES AND THEIR MANIFESTATION IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE SOIL COVER OF PASMOVE POBUZHZHIA

2024-12-02T19:06:45+02:00

Soil degradation processes, exacerbated by agrogenic activities, have a profound impact on both the properties of individual soil types and the overall diversity and heterogeneity of the soil cover. These processes disrupt the natural balance of the soil ecosystem, leading to significant changes in soil composition and structure. A comprehensive study was conducted in the key area "Nadychi" (Lviv district, Lviv region) to assess the influence of degradation processes on the soil cover structure of Pasmove Pobuzhzhia. The soil cover in this region comprises a variety of soils, including automorphic (gray forest, dark gray podzolized), semi-hydromorphic (meadow, sod), and hydromorphic (peatlands) types. These soils form complex combinations, variations, mosaics, and tashets, each contributing to the region's intricate soil landscape. The study meticulously analyzed the geometric structure, classification diversity, contrast, and heterogeneity of the identified soil combinations. Erosion processes were a significant focus, particularly their impact within variations, combinations, and mosaics of the soil cover. A substantial proportion of these areas showed severe signs of soil erosion, with erosion rates reaching 50% and, in some cases, even 80%. Plane washout and linear erosion were particularly prevalent, leading to the degradation of soil quality and further complicating the soil structure. Soil combinations containing eroded soils displayed higher levels of fragmentation and complexity, characterized by an increased number of soil habitats and the emergence of more complex shapes. These shapes often took the form of elongated and tree-like micro-catenas, contributing to the overall heterogeneity of the soil cover. The contrast in the soil cover was largely driven by genetic differences, particle size distribution, and the degree of soil erosion, with erosion being the predominant factor. The contrast coefficient, attributed to soil erosion, varied significantly across the key area, ranging from 7.37 to 66.1% in different soil combinations. Moreover, the integral index of soil cover heterogeneity was highest in combinations, ranging from 11.59 to 49.15, indicating the maximum complexity and contrast observed in the soil cover.

INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE METHOD ON SOIL MICROFLORA IN WINTER WHEAT AGROCENOSIS

2024-11-18T21:37:50+02:00

One of the urgent problems in the agricultural sector of Ukraine is the search for effective methods of soil cultivation to increase productivity and ensure the sustainable development of agricultural production.

The study analyzed scientific publications on the influence of tillage on microbiological processes, growth, development and yield of crops.

The effect of the cultivation method on the soil microflora of the agrocenosis of winter wheat was studied. Three methods of basic soil cultivation were studied: traditional (control), chisel, and row, with a special emphasis on the positive impact associated with plowing with a PYa-4-40 plow to a depth of 14–16 cm.

It was established that the method of basic cultivation has a significant impact on the biological activity of dark gray podzolized light loamy soil, the number of microflora, and the grain yield of winter wheat of the Koloniia variety.

The composition and number of microorganisms are closely related to their habitat and the depth of the experimental soil layer and depend on the phase of crop development.

It has been proven that plowing with a PYa-4-40 plow creates the most favorable environment for microorganisms: bacterial microbiota (3807 thousand), fungi (68.2 thousand) and actinomycetes (1319 thousand CFU/g of completely dry soil).

Row cultivation showed a positive correlation with increasing winter wheat grain yield. The average grain yield under row tillage (60.2 centner/ha) exceeded the indicators for both traditional and chisel plowing. The highest yield was achieved when plowing with a PYa-4-40 plow to a depth of 14–16 cm, the lowest – with a chisel variant (57.4 centner/ha).

The advantage of row main tillage is explained by the improvement of water, air, and nutrient regimes, which creates conditions for obtaining high yields of winter wheat.

FEATURES OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION UNDER THE SPREAD OF INVASIVE SPECIES OF WEEDS: ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS

2024-11-18T21:46:32+02:00

Invasive plants can cause significant damage to agriculture, forestry and water management, as well as to protected areas, threatening human and animal health. The disappearance of native plant species leads to a loss of biodiversity and can provoke ecological imbalances. Ukraine is characterized by a high level of spread of invasive plant species, which reinforces the need to take measures for their control and management.

It has been noted that the disappearance of native plant species leads to the disappearance of native species of animals, fungi, and many microorganisms that have been building links with the native flora for thousands or millions of years, are directly dependent on it, and are organically interconnected. That is why the invasion of an alien species does not increase the number and activity of local biodiversity, but, on the contrary, leads to the death of a significant number of flora and fauna species dominated by only one or a few alien species.

In Ukraine, the impact of non-native plants on the environment is increasing every year. According to the level of adventitization of flora, Ukraine occupies a prominent place among other floras of the world. The spontaneous fraction of adventitious flora of Ukraine includes 830 species of vascular plants (including 18 % – archaeophytes and 82 % – xenophytes), which is about 14 % of the total number of flora species of the country, which has more than 6,000 species of vascular plants (including all aboriginal and adventive species), as well as the main cultivated and wild plants.

As a result of the study of the effect of herbicides on the Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), it was established that all three investigated herbicides – Lintur 70 WG, Dianat and Roundup Max – effectively reduce the population of this plant. However, it was found that the effectiveness of herbicides increases over time, which may be due to longer exposure of the substance to plants. Herbicides Lintur 70 WG and Roundup Max showed higher efficiency compared to Dianat.

In addition, it was established that all three investigated herbicides have a significant effect on the dry mass of Solidago canadensis L. plants on the 60th day after their application, confirming the high efficiency of their use.

Therefore, the study results emphasize the importance of considering the timing of herbicide treatments to ensure long-term protection of cultivated plants from weeds.

MANAGING SUNFLOWER GROWTH IN THE CHANGING CLIMATE AND FLUCTUATING MOISTURE LEVELS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE

2024-11-18T21:50:11+02:00

The main decisive factor in the yield of oilseeds and sunflower is the amount of precipitation, especially during the period of basket formation and flowering. Water makes up 75-90% of the plant body. All life processes, such as seed swelling, germination, growth, nutrient availability, photosynthesis, root nutrition, formation of organic compounds, and crop formation, are related to the moisture availability of the crop. It is noted that sunflower cultivation in recent years has been one of the most profitable industries in the agricultural sector. Sunflower seeds are in constant demand at different times of the year, which indicates their high liquidity and export attractiveness. In addition, concentration of crops in the regions with the most favorable conditions is essential to ensure growth in sunflower seed production.

As water resources become increasingly limited in arid and semi-arid regions of Ukraine, and traditional crop cultivation zones, including sunflowers, migrate to northern regions, agricultural producers require scientifically grounded practices and assessment of sunflower moisture provision in areas of sufficient and excessive humidity.

A field experiment was conducted in 2022–2023 in western Ukraine to determine the impact of sunflower cultivation on changes in soil moisture reserves and compare it with winter wheat under conditions of sufficient moisture in the Western Forest-Steppe zone. The theoretical foundations of effective sunflower cultivation in Ukraine were analyzed, highlighting current trends in the planting of this crop, the influence of environmental climatic factors on the prospects of increasing sunflower-occupied areas in crop rotations, especially in the zone of sufficient moisture (Western Forest-Steppe zone).

High yields of sunflower are possible only in areas with sufficient moisture reserves in the root layer (0-200 cm) in the fall and winter. In the absence of water during this period, crop yields and seed oil content are sharply reduced due to an increase in unfilled seeds, a decrease in the weight of a thousand seeds and a decrease in the number of seeds per basket. This phenomenon is typical for sunflower cultivation in regions with insufficient moisture supply. It is noted that sunflower yield is subject to fluctuations due to various factors, such as violation of agricultural practices, increased aridity of the climate and stress factors.

MEASURES TO PROTECT LEAF LETTUCE FROM HARMFUL ORGANISMS IN GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS

2024-12-02T18:56:02+02:00

It is crucial to take measures to safeguard plants from harmful organisms to preserve harvests and maintain the high quality of lettuce products. When growing Lollo Rossa and Lollo Bionda leaf lettuce in greenhouses, it is important to avoid using chemical plant protection agents and instead focus on preventive measures and the use of biopesticides.

When growing Lollo Rossa and Lollo Bionda leaf lettuce in greenhouses, it is recommended to use the biofungicide Trichodermin (VIRIDIN) at a rate of 20 g per 5 liters of water to protect the plants from damage caused by pathogens. Additionally, the bioinsecticide Actoverm should be applied at a rate of 50 ml per 5 liters of water to protect the plants from pests.

The use of the microbiological preparation Trichodermin (VIRIDIN) on leaf lettuce of Lollo Rossa and Lollo Bionda in greenhouse conditions ensured high effectiveness of fungicidal action against downy mildew and gray rot, biological preparations Actoverm, Bitoxybacillin BTU – a high insect-acaricidal effect against aphids, whiteflies and spider mites.

The number of leaves formed by lettuce plants and the diameter of the bush plant increased, respectively on 3 pcs and on 9.4–10.9 cm when the biofungicide Trichodermin (VIRIDIN) was applied against phytopathogens and the bioinsecticide Actoverm against pests. The indicator of the greater fresh mass of one lettuce plant of Lollo Rossa and Lollo Bionda in the experimental variants ensured a higher yield, of 1.2 kg/m² and 1.4 kg/m² respectively.

With the use of the biofungicide Trichodermin (VIRIDIN) at the rate of 20 g per 5 l of water against phytopathogens and the bioinsecticide Actoverm at the rate of 50 ml per 5 l of water against pests, the yield of Lollo Bionda lettuce was the highest, which amounted to 1.4 kg/m² of additional yield compared to the control, the yield of Lollo Rossa lettuce was 1.2 kg/m² higher than that of the control.

PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF THE BIOLOGICAL METHOD IN NATIONAL PLANT PROTECTION SYSTEMS

2024-12-02T19:01:59+02:00

The article discusses the challenges and top priorities of the European Union's common agricultural policy. The focus is on the need to restore biodiversity, promote more ecological and climate-friendly agriculture, and transition from using chemical plant protection methods to biological ones. It is therefore an important objective of the EU to provide farmers with the necessary tools to facilitate such a transition. The task is planned to be solved by promoting the placing on the market of biological plant protection products for farmers, including those who grow organic crops, to create more affordable alternatives for sustainable plant protection. The article also presents a classification of biological control methods proposed by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and analyzes scientific sources on the benefits of using each method in Ukraine and globally. Based on the analyzed data from Ukrainian and foreign sources regarding successfully conducted studies on the effectiveness of the use of biological plant protection agents against pests and diseases in Ukraine and the world, the purpose of our study was to analyze the trend of the use of biological plant protection agents in agriculture in the conditions of national production. Changes in the area of agricultural land, separately by regions, and generally across Ukraine, where biological plant protection agents were applied during the research period from 2018 to 2022 were studied. The research results indicate that different trends in the approach to the use of biological control in plant protection systems are observed in different regions of Ukraine. In particular, the lowest trend is observed in the areas of the western regionі, such as Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Volyn, Transcarpathian, Ternopil, and Chernivtsi. At the same time, in such regions as Cherkasy, Kirovohrad, Vinnytsia, Kherson, a positive trend was observed in the change of areas where biological agents were used in plant protection systems.

EVALUATION OF SOYBEANS AS A PREDECESSOR FOR WINTER WHEAT IN THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

2024-11-27T21:17:41+02:00

The value of soybeans as a predecessor for winter wheat was assessed through field and laboratory studies conducted on dark gray podzolized soil at the research field of the Department of Crop Technologies of Lviv National Environmental University. Four predecessors were studied: fallow, wheat, sunflower, and soy. After harvesting the predecessors, the moisture content and different forms of nitrogen in the soil were determined. The yield of winter wheat after these predecessors was also determined, allowing the researchers to establish the value of predecessors for winter wheat.

Before sowing wheat, the moisture reserve was lowest after soybean (125.6 mm) and highest after sunflower (139.1 mm). The analysis showed that the difference in soil moisture content after different predecessors is relatively insignificant. These indicators suggest that in areas with sufficient moisture, it is rarely a limiting factor in wheat productivity.

The study's authors found that soybeans absorb a significant amount of nitrogen from the soil to produce high-protein grain. After soybean harvest, the nitrate nitrogen content in the soil is low. In dark gray forest soil, with a soybean yield of more than 3 t/ha, the nitrate nitrogen content is 13.6 mg/kg of dry soil, which is insufficient for the active growth of winter wheat in the autumn and spring growing seasons. In comparison, the nitrate content after wheat and sunflower during the same period was higher by 5.9 and 7.8 mg/kg, respectively. Semi-fallow cultivation of the soil results in the highest nitrate content of 34.1 mg/kg, almost three times more than the predecessors of soybeans.

The highest yield of winter wheat was observed when being planted after semi-fallow cultivation, reaching 8.38 t/ha. In the Western Forest-Steppe conditions, soybeans were found to be the worst predecessors, with a yield of winter wheat after soybeans of only 7.80 t/ha. The yield of wheat after sunflower was 0.24 t/ha higher than after soybean. Even with monoculture wheat cultivation, wheat yields were 0.08 t/ha higher than after soybeans. The relatively small difference in productivity depending on the predecessors can be explained by the application of a large amount of mineral fertilizers - N_60+80+40Р₆₀К₉₀, which neutralized the influence of the predecessors.

INFLUENCE OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS) SOWING DATES ON ITS PRODUCTIVITY IN THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE

2024-11-27T21:22:17+02:00

The research aimed to investigate how sowing dates and methods affect the yield of the Sumiko hybrid sunflower in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The field research took place from 2022 to 2023 at the experimental field of the Department of Technologies in Crop Production of Lviv National Environmental University. The soil in the research area is dark gray, podzol light loam with a humus content of 2.4%.

In the first year of the research, the climatic conditions were specific. In 2023, April to May was relatively cold, especially the first half of April, which had low temperatures (less than 10 °C). Additionally, dry weather set in. April saw sufficient precipitation (61 mm), but the rains only lasted until April 17. May received very little rain, with only 13 mm at the end of the month. These conditions were not favorable for sunflower growth, especially for the May sowing period, and they affected productivity levels. In 2024, the growth conditions were more favorable.

The timing of sowing significantly influenced sunflower productivity. The highest yield, averaging 3.82 t/ha, was achieved when sowing was done on April 30 using three different methods. Sowing on April 20 also resulted in a high yield of 3.73 t/ha. However, early sowing on April 10 led to a notable decrease in productivity by 0.30 t/ha due to the insufficient April heat. Sowing on May 10 resulted in a yield of 3.48 t/ha, 0.34 t/ha less than the April 30 sowing. Sowing on May 20 resulted in even lower productivity of 3.04 t/ha, a 0.78 t/ha (20.4%) decrease compared to the most productive sowing date.

The impact of sowing methods on sunflower yield varied based on the sowing period. The row method (15 cm) demonstrated an advantage across all sowing periods. However, for sowing on April 10, May 10, and 20, the difference between sowing methods was insignificant. Notably, for the highest-yielding periods, the method of sowing significantly influenced yield formation. For instance, when sowing on April 20 in wide rows (70 cm), the yield was 3.53 t/ha, while narrowing the rows to 45 cm increased the yield to 3.78 t/ha, a difference of 0.25 t/ha. The highest yield of 3.88 t/ha was achieved with the row sowing method, surpassing the 70 cm rows by 0.35 t/ha (9.9%).

FLAX AND FALSE FLAX AS IMPORTANT SOURCES OF ESSENTIAL OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS

2024-11-27T21:28:03+02:00

Field studies were carried out at the experimental field of Lviv National Environmental University on dark gray podsolized light loamy soil. The study focused on spring oilseeds including False flax (Camelina sativa L.), Flax oil (Linum usitatissimum L.), Spring rape (Brassica napus oleifera annua Metzd.), White mustard (Sinapis alba L.), and Blue mustard (Brassica juncea Czern.) to determine their productivity, oil content, and quality. The research found that spring rapeseed had the highest seed yield at 2.82 t/ha, followed by spring false flax at 2.68 t/ha, and oilseed flax at 2.34 t/ha. It was also found that applying insecticides and fungicides when growing false flax is impractical, although without them, achieving a high rapeseed yield is almost impossible. Thus, it results in a reduced cost of false flax seeds glowing compared to rapeseed.

The study established that flax had the highest oil content at 52.2%, followed by blue mustard at 45.8%, and false flax at 45.0%. The highest oil yield was from rapeseed, false flax, and flax at 1.21–1.25 t/ha. Physiologically, flax and false flax are the most valuable due to their high content of linolenic Omega-3 acid, which should be utilized more widely in human nutrition for therapeutic, dietary, and preventive purposes. In terms of linolenic Omega-3 acid content, oilseed flax (56.2 %) and false flax (48.8%) had the advantage. Blue mustard had the highest linoleic acid content, while spring rape had the highest oleic acid content at 60.5%. The experiment found that the content of erucic acid, which is harmful to animals and humans, was within permissible limits for false flax (3.0%), spring rape (0.2%), and oilseed flax (0.2%), but exceeded limits for blue mustard (21.4%) and white mustard (44.5%). The study did not establish a clear relationship between oil content and yield, but identified different types of dependence. Rapeseed had the highest yield with average oil content, white mustard had low yield and the lowest oil content, blue mustard had significantly higher oil content despite low yield, and oilseed flax had the highest oil content with an average yield. False flax had a relatively high yield and an average oil content.

THE YIELD OF AMARANTH DEPENDING ON THE SOWING METHOD IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE

2024-11-27T21:33:51+02:00

The study examined different methods of sowing Liera amaranth in the Western Forest-Steppe on dark gray podzolized soil. The research years had varying weather conditions compared to the long-term data. In 2020 and 2022, the average temperature during the growing season was 15.3 °C, which was 0.5 °C higher than the long-term data. In 2021, the average temperature was 14.8 °C, corresponding to the long-term average. In terms of precipitation, in 2020, there was 129 mm more than normal, in 2021 – 73 mm more than normal, and in 2022 – 28 mm more than normal. In 2023, there was a decrease in temperature in April and insufficient precipitation in May, with June and July precipitation exceeding the long-term average by 24.4 and 31.7 mm, respectively.

The seeds were sown at different row spacings: 15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, and 60 cm. The study found that different sowing methods with the same seeding rate resulted in different feeding areas for the plants. For instance, with a 15 cm row spacing, the feeding area was 15×25 cm, and there were 4 plants per 1 meter of row length with a distance of 25 cm between them. With a 30 cm row spacing, the feeding area was 30×14 cm with 7 plants per meter of row length at a distance of 14 cm between them.

With a row width of 45 cm, these indicators changed to 45×10 cm and 10 plants and 60×8 cm and 13 plants per meter of row length, respectively. The plant density before harvesting stayed within 22–24 units/m2 and was minimally impacted by the sowing method. Sowing with narrower rows resulted in more even plant placement, and the largest seed mass per plant (17.8 g) was obtained with a 45 cm row spacing. The yield of amaranth grains of the Liera variety was similar at row spacings of 15 cm, 30 cm, and 45 cm, ranging from 3.92–3.97 t/ha. The lowest yield over three years was seen with a 60 cm row spacing, at 3.70 t/ha due to unfavorable conditions created by the elongated rectangle nutrition area (60×8 cm) and dense plant placement. The results were almost the same for other nutrition areas and plant densities.

SOYBEAN AND ITS ADAPTIVE PROPERTIES AS A WAY TO SOLVE THE GLOBAL FOOD CRISIS

2024-11-27T21:37:59+02:00

Today, the global food crisis is becoming increasingly severe. Food production is unable to meet the needs of the growing population of the planet. As a result, some countries are experiencing a severe lack of basic food. This issue is further exacerbated by rapid climate change, which negatively impacts food production and reduces its volume.

More and more attention is paid to legumes, in particular soybeans, as plants that have a balanced protein composition and can be a key link in the fight against the world food crisis.

It has been shown that soybeans are currently the largest legume crop in Ukraine by area and are grown as one of the main crops because they combine economic, agronomic, and environmental components. The climatic conditions and soil composition in all regions of Ukraine are favorable for the successful cultivation of the crop and high yields. However, regardless of this, global warming harms the entire planet, and Ukraine as well. This also applies to other European countries.

The main task of breeders today is to create varieties of a new generation that will be stress-resistant under new, radically different conditions of existence, and at the same time give high yields. Therefore, it is interesting and experimental to study the adaptive properties of soybeans by sowing it in atypical conditions of existence. In the course of research, the researchers will observe all the ontogenesis processes of Ukrainian soybean varieties in Spain, and Spanish varieties in Ukraine. Under contrasting conditions of existence (temperature indicators, humidity, soil composition and structure), it is possible to observe the plasticity of these soybean varieties and their stress resistance. The experiment will also enable the investigation of nitrogen fixation of these soybean varieties in different countries with different conditions of existence, as well as nitrogen fixation of these soybean varieties in different countries with different living conditions. This natural biologization is a unique phenomenon and requires detailed study, especially now, at a time of rapid climate change.

AGROECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CULTIVATION AND INFLUENCE OF SOWING RATES ON OAT YIELD

2024-11-27T21:42:39+02:00

The article presents the results of field research on dark gray podzolized soil on the formation of oat grain yield depending on the sowing rate and agro-ecological features of growing oats in the conditions ща the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The film-coated oat variety Zakat was sown on April 2 to a depth of 3–4 cm with 15 cm between rows. The influence of the following sowing rates, namely 3.0; 4.0; 5.0; 6.0 million/ha on oat yield was studied. The rate of application of mineral fertilizers was N₁₂₀Р₃₀K₆₀. Granstar herbicide (25 g/ha) was used during the crop treatment, along with Trend adhesive (200 g/ha). They were introduced in the tillering phase.

Research has revealed that the size of the oat harvest directly depends on the number of seeds sown per hectare. A decrease in the sowing rate leads to a reduction in the yield of oats. The Zakat variety demonstrated the maximum grain yield during the entire studied period at the seed sowing rate of 6.0 million/ha, reaching 4.39 t/ha. The seeding rate of 5.0 million/ha showed a somewhat lower level of productivity – 4.34 tons/ha. At the seeding rate of 4.0 million/ha, the oat grain yield continued to decrease to 4.10 t/ha. The studies have shown that reducing the density of planting plants to 3.0 million/ha led to a decrease in the yield of the Zakat variety by 0.64 t/ha (3.75 t/ha).

In this study, it was established that the weight of 1000 oat seeds had no effect on yield. At the seed sowing rate of 3.0 million/ha, the weight was the largest, i.e. 36 g. The plants were well lit, and provided with moisture, but the yield at this rate was the lowest. Oats at the seed sowing rate of 6.0 million/ha provided an optimal combination of panicle density and grain mass.

There was also a difference in the protein content of oat seeds depending on the sowing rate. The data show that the Zakat variety has the lowest protein content, i.e. 11.90 % at the sowing rate of 6.0 million/ha. And the highest grain quality index of oats of the Zakat variety was obtained at a plant stand density of 3.0 million/ha at the level of 12.32 %. Oat plants with lower seeding rates are better lit and have a larger feeding area during the growing season.

FORMATION OF GERMINATION OF CORN SEEDS

2024-12-02T18:53:46+02:00

Growing corn is crucially important to Ukraine's grain industry. Corn is a versatile and highly productive crop. Ukraine has the potential for stable grain production, particularly in the Western Forest Steppe region. High-quality seed material is essential for high yields, with germination being a key indicator of seed quality. Factors such as moisture dynamics, dry matter accumulation, and seed humidity during harvesting – all affect germination. Research was conducted on corn hybrids of Ukrainian selection with different maturity groups, namely Dniprovskyi 181 SV (early ripe), Kremin 200 SV (mid-early), Liubava 279 MV (mid-early), Rozivskyi 311 SV (mid-ripe). During the research, features of the ripening of corn hybrids were established and the humidity at which seed germination was formed was determined.The research on Ukrainian corn hybrids with different maturity groups indicated that seeds contain 71–83 % of the maximum dry matter at a moisture content of 50–51 %. The maximum dry matter content was found at a humidity of 30–33 %. Laboratory germination was achieved at a humidity of 47–53 % and below, depending on the hybrids. It is established that the moisture yield of seeds has increased significantly and is 0.8–2.3 % per day, depending on the hybrids, which is higher compared to long-term data. The optimal field germination and productivity were achieved at a moisture content of 32–40 %, depending on the maturity group of the hybrids. It is recommended to harvest corn hybrid seeds at a moisture content of 40 %, when seed quality indicators have been already formed. Post-harvest processing should bring the seeds to conditioned moisture levels to maintain their quality.

AGROBIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SEA BUCKTHORN VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION

2024-11-27T21:58:07+02:00

The research is focused on adapting and spreading introduced varieties of sea buckthorn in Transcarpathian region. Sea buckthorn has recently become a highly sought-after crop for organic product production. The research utilized the introduced varieties Askoli and Adam to create popular nursery material. Green cuttings were primarily used for propagation, allowing for the production of genetically uniform plants. The research was carried out at the Continent agro-firm in the Perechyn district of Transcarpathian region from 2022 to 2023.

The study included examining the growth and pruning characteristics of mother stock trees to promote shoot growth and reduce labor costs during harvest. It was determined that annual plant growth depends on weather conditions, tree age, and pruning intensity. The adaptability of introduced varieties to changing growing conditions and the development of technology for growing mother stock trees for propagation using hardwood cuttings were also closely examined.

The results of the research indicated that sea buckthorn forms with significant annual shoot length show promise as they lead to increased yields in the following year. The analysis suggested that variations in plant growth could be attributed to weather conditions and technological support. It was observed that the greatest growth occurred in favorable weather years, while growth was significantly less in dry years.

Additionally, the research paid significant attention to the morphological features of the plants, including crown shape, branching and thorniness degree, shoot and peduncle length, and fruit characteristics. Plant decorativeness was evaluated using a comprehensive scale of decorative features.

The research demonstrated that it is feasible to successfully grow introduced sea buckthorn varieties in Transcarpathian region, obtain yields by cutting branches, and utilize effective pruning methods to increase productivity. Practical recommendations for growing and propagating sea buckthorn in the region were developed based on the data obtained.

VARIETAL DIVERSITY IN THE FRAGARIA ANANASSA DUCH CROP.

2024-11-27T22:03:49+02:00

The global demand for pineapple strawberries continues to grow, especially in Asia, North and Central America, and North Africa. Cultivar selection is a key factor in establishing productive and high-quality commercial plantations of F. ananassa Duch. Cultivar diversity in the crop allows growers to adapt to the needs of today's demanding climate-oriented market by offering different types of products: fresh fruit, processed products, organic fruit, etc. According to statistics from the FAO's annual report, presented by the World Population Review, global demand for pineapple strawberries continues to grow, with China, the United States, and Egypt leading the world's production. In 2023, global production amounted to more than 8.8 million tons, with the lion's share produced by China (3 336 690 tons), the USA (1 055 963 tons), and Egypt (597 029 tons). Asia is the largest continental producer (4.53 million tons), followed by America, Europe, Africa, and Oceania. Geographical differences in the countries that commercially grow F. ananassa Duch. (76 of them are on the official list) affect the choice of cultivated varieties, which have different requirements for environmental conditions, ripening, and harvesting seasons. In moderate regions, strawberries are harvested in early summer, while in equatorial regions, they can be grown throughout the year. Cultivation technologies also vary. The stable success of global production of F. ananassa Duch. is explained by an integrated approach that includes a breeding component (development and introduction of varieties with prioritized traits such as cold resistance, drought resistance, pest resistance, and suitability for specific production and processing technologies, taking into account consumer preferences) and optimized production systems that consider climatic fluctuations in yields. According to the World Population Review, the most popular commercial varieties of pineapple strawberries grown in the main producing countries are: “Sweet Charlie”, “Festival”, “Camarosa”, “Albion”, “San Andreas”, “Clery”, “Marmolada”, and “Sonata”. In Ukraine, the most popular varieties of national selection are those that provide maximum profit due to early or late ripening or have the appropriate parameters for technological processing (e.g., freezing). These include early and medium-early varieties such as “Rosana Kyivska”, “Olvia”, and “Veselka”; medium-ripening varieties such as “Herkules”, “Prysviata”, and “Perlyna”; medium-late varieties such as “Prezent”; and late varieties such as “Atlantyda”. Among the short-day varieties of foreign selection are early and medium-early varieties such as “Honey” and “Elsanta”; mid-season varieties such as “Elegance” and “Sonata”; and late varieties such as “Polka” and “Galia CIV”. Among the “neutral day” varieties are “Albion”, “Aromas”, and “Portola”.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF Γ-IRRADIATION ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND YEAR OF GROWING CARROTS (DAUCUS CAROTA L.)

2024-11-27T22:06:39+02:00

The effective doses of γ-irradiation for expanding the spectrum of genetic variability of carrot plants (Daucus carota L.) were determined by field, laboratory, calculation and statistical methods. Based on the results of practical research in 2020-2022, a comprehensive study was conducted for the agroclimatic zone of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine to determine effective and lethal doses of γ-irradiation to expand the spectrum of genetic variability of carrot plants Daucus carota L. of two varieties of the Institute of Vegetable and Melon Growing of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, namely Nantska Kharkivska and Yaskrava. The regularities of the peculiarities of the aftereffect of physical mutagenesis (γ-irradiation) on the genotype and phenotypic manifestation of some quantitative traits of carrot (germination, size, and shape of inflorescences of plants of the second year) were established. The level of influence of physical mutagenesis on the manifestation of seed germination (laboratory and field) depending on the dose of γ-irradiation and the selected carrot variety was determined. Differences in the laboratory and field germination of seeds of carrots Nantska Kharkivska and Yaskrava after treatment with γ-irradiation and without treatment were found. Phenotypic changes in the formation of carrot inflorescences in the second year of cultivation depending on the radiation dose were revealed. The effective and lethal doses of the selected physical mutagen were determined by analyzing the mutagenic effect of γ-irradiation on the sowing qualities of carrot seeds of Nantska Kharkivska and Yaskrava varieties. The lethal doses for both varieties were 170 and 200 mR, since exposure to such doses of radiation reduced the field germination of carrot seeds to 0%, which made it impossible to obtain root crops and, accordingly, seed breeding material for further study, research and introduction into the breeding process.

EXPANSION OF PHYLLOXERA TO THE WEST OF UKRAINE. CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

2024-11-27T22:10:39+02:00

Grape phylloxera (Daktylosphaera vitifoliae Fitch) is an extremely dangerous quarantine invasive species that harms vineyards. Massive reproduction of phylloxera can cause not only a loss of productivity of the grape bush, but also its death.

Climate change, both globally and specifically in Ukraine, creates favorable conditions for the spread of harmful species into areas where they previously did not survive due to harsh conditions. For instance, until about 10-15 years ago, the temperature regime and the absence of large industrial vineyards hindered the spread of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) in Western Ukraine, except in Transcarpathia. This region has long been familiar with phylloxera due to historical contact with European countries; it was introduced in the 19^th century alongside European grape varieties from France, Hungary, and Austria. Transcarpathian region is a unique winemaking area with a rich history of grape cultivation. The recent emergence of phylloxera in Ivano-Frankivsk and Lviv regions poses a significant threat to vineyards, particularly those cultivated for home use. Homegrown vineyards are particularly vulnerable to phylloxera infestation, as most are of rootstock origin. While it is impossible to stop the spread of phylloxera entirely, a comprehensive range of measures can be taken to address the issue.

The authors of the research conducted a study on the spread of phylloxera in home vineyards in the suburban area of Lviv using an expeditionary method. Phylloxera was detected in a private vineyard in the southern suburbs of Lviv. This article outlines the biological characteristics and harmful effects of phylloxera, discusses the reasons for its rapid spread in home viticulture, and suggests methods for mitigating its spread.

APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT ANALYSIS IN TESTING THE DISTINCTIVENESS OF NEW ASPARAGUS VARIETIES (АSPARAGUS OFFICINALIS L.)

2024-11-27T22:18:06+02:00

The peculiarities of the formation of plant varietal resources of asparagus in Ukraine are analysed. The article investigates the varieties of asparagus included in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine, evaluates these varieties with the allocation of groups of similar varieties of this botanical taxon; develops the elements of computer technology for intellectual data analysis using the machine learning method to simplify the process of analysing the uniqueness of a variety during the examination for distinctiveness, uniformity and stability (DUS) by classifying plant varieties according to their morphological characteristics. The results of the examination for distinctiveness, homogeneity and stability of asparagus were used for statistical processing. The modelling was carried out using the nearest neighbours algorithm, using the Machine Learning method in the IBM SPSS statistical package. A model of similar varieties of asparagus was formed. The model includes 11 varieties of asparagus, which are included in the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine. The model parameters were as follows: ‘Shoot emergence time’, “Shoot: anthocyanin colouration of the apex”, “Shoot: shape of the apex”, “Shoot: diameter at the base of the apex compared to the middle of the stem”, “Shoot: position of the cover leaves”, “Shoot: first cover leaf at the base of the apex in length”, “Shoot: first cover leaf at the base of the apex in width”, ’Plant: number of stems’, “Shoot: opening of cover leaves”, “Plant: density of phyllodes”, “Plant: intensity of green colour of leaves”, “Stem: length”, “Stem: length to first branching”, “Stem: diameter above soil surface”, “Flowering time”. The distances between the model parameters were calculated, which made it possible to identify the most similar and distinctive asparagus varieties. The target variable is “Plant: intensity of green colour of leaves”, the focus variable is “Stem: length”, and the label of observations is “Variety name”. The most similar groups of varieties were identified: “Bakhus” and “Erasmus”; “Guelph Eclipse” and “Guelph Millennium”. The most distinctive varieties are “Grolim”, “Baklim” and “Ginlim”. According to the indicators of economic and valuable characteristics of the varieties of asparagus, the highest yielding varieties were: “Signus”, “Kumulus”, “Bakhus” and “Erasmus”; the most resistant to root rot: “Bakhus”, “Guelph Equinox” and “Guelph Eclipse”, and against cercospora – varieties: “Signus”, “Kumulus”, “Prius”, “Bakhus”, “Erasmus” and “Guelph Equinox”.

THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE YIELD AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L. VAR. SECALINA ALEF.)

2024-11-27T22:29:07+02:00

Among the green (leafy) vegetable crops, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) occupies an important place. It has a short vegetation period and produces high-vitamin marketable products within 25-35 days. As a result, it can be grown and harvested three to six times during the spring, summer and autumn periods. Over the past three years, since the Russian-Ukrainian war began, there has been a downward trend in the public sector of vegetable growing and an upward trend in the private sector.

It is noted that the application of plant growth regulators (PGR) is one of the effective means in terms of ecology to increase the yield and improve the quality of commercial products of lettuce as they are easily absorbed by plants. The effect on the yield and biochemical composition of lettuce was studied in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on dark grey podzolic light loamy soils.

The subject of the study was a variety of lettuce of domestic selection - Dublianskyi. The experimental scheme included the following options: 1) Control (water treatment); 2) Aminostar; 3) Humifield Forte; 4) Rival; 5) Humifriend.

It was found that, on average, over two years, a large mass of leaf rosettes (210 and 268 g) was obtained in the variant where the growth regulators Rival and Humifriend were applied, while in the control (water treatment) this figure was the lowest and amounted to 150 g.

With the seedling method of growing lettuce using plant growth regulators Rival and Humifriend, a high yield of marketable products (21.34 and 22.8 t/ha) was obtained, which exceeded the control (water treatment) by 4.24 and 5.7 t/ha, respectively.

It was proved that plant growth regulators improve the quality of marketable lettuce products. In particular, the high content of soluble solids (8.60 and 8.90 %), dry matter (5.74 and 5.88 %), total sugar (1.38 and 1.56 %), vitamin C (5.24 and 6.58 mg/%), carotene (3.96 and 65 %) was provided by the variants with the introduction of growth regulators Rival and Humifriend. In all variants of the experiment, the nitrate nitrogen content did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (1500 mg/kg).

Thus, to obtain a high yield (21.34 and 22.86 t/ha) with good quality of marketable products of lettuce of Dublianskyi variety under the seedling method of cultivation on dark grey podzolic soils of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, it is advisable to use foliar application of growth regulators Rival and Humifriend.